Estimation of annual suspended sediment yield from a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation considering antecedent rainfalls

Ide, Jun’ichiro; Kume, Tomonori; Wakiyama, Yoshifumi; Higashi, Nobuyuki; Chiwa, Masaaki; Otsuki, Kyoichi

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.011

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The exceptionally high TSS concentrations observed during the peak flow periods of some of the intensive rainfall events we monitored suggest that soil erosion in steep mountainous watersheds can be vulnerable to extreme rainfall events, even without any disturbances over recent years. Similar high rates of sediment export during intense storm events have been observed in steep mountainous watersheds in Japan [12,48,49]. In a Korean natural forest dominated by 80-200-year old trees of similar species to the study site, Kim et al [50] also observed high export rates of suspended sediment (measured as POC) during intense storm events.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Multiple Time-Scale Monitoring to Address Dynamic Seasonality and Storm Pulses of Stream Water Quality in Mountainous Watersheds

Lee

Chun

Shope

et al. 2015

Water

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Rainfall variability and extreme events can amplify the seasonality and storm pulses of stream water chemistry in mountainous watersheds under monsoon climates. To establish a monitoring program optimized for identifying potential risks to stream water quality arising from rainfall variability and extremes, we examined water chemistry data collected on different timescales. At a small forested watershed, bi-weekly sampling lasted over two years, in comparison to three other biweekly sampling sites. In addition, high-frequency continuous measurements of pH, electrical conductivity, and turbidity were conducted in tandem with automatic water sampling at 2 h intervals during eight rainfall events. Biweekly monitoring showed that during the summer monsoon period, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and dissolved ion concentrations generally decreased, but total suspended solids (TSS) slightly increased. A noticeable variation from the usual seasonal pattern was that DO levels substantially decreased during an extended drought. Bi-hourly storm event samplings exhibited large changes in the concentrations of TSS and particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC; DOC) during intense rainfall OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 6118 events. However, extreme fluctuations in sediment export during discharge peaks could be detected only by turbidity measurements at 5 min intervals. Concomitant measurements during rainfall events established empirical relationships between turbidity and TSS or POC. These results suggest that routine monitoring based on weekly to monthly sampling is valid only in addressing general seasonal patterns or long-lasting phenomena such as drought effects. We propose an "adaptive" monitoring scheme that combines routine monitoring for general seasonal patterns and high-frequency instrumental measurements of water quality components exhibiting rapid responses pulsing during intense rainfall events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Multiple Time-Scale Monitoring to Address Dynamic Seasonality and Storm Pulses of Stream Water Quality in Mountainous Watersheds

Lee

Chun

Shope

et al. 2015

Water

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“…As a result, except in areas where the forest floor has been removed by fire or other disturbances or soils have been severely compacted, both overland flow and soil erosion have very low observed rates in forested watersheds (Ice and Stednick, 2004). Where soil erosion rates are higher, such as from recently constructed roads or skid trails, the forest litter layer and other forest floor components such as coarse wood and understory vegetation play important roles in filtering and trapping suspended sediments (Swift and Burns, 1999;Ide et al, 2009, Fukuyama et al, 2010. Thus, management practices that ensure that areas (such as riparian buffers) that receive suspended sediment are of sufficient size and capacity to effectively trap, filter, and retain sediment are key in influencing overland flow, soil erosion, and sediment loading in streams.…”

Section: Soil Protection and Sediment Trapping And Filteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest ecohydrological research in the 21st century: what are the critical needs?

et al. 2011

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Modern ecohydrologic science will be critical for providing the best information to policy makers and society to address water resource challenges in the 21st century. Implicitly, ecohydrology involves understanding both the functional interactions among vegetation, soils, and hydrologic processes at multiple scales and the linkages among upland, riparian, and aquatic components. In this paper, we review historical and contemporary ecohydrologic science, focusing on watershed structure and function and the threats to watershed structure and function. Climate change, land use change, and invasive species are among the most critical contemporary issues that affect water quantity and quality, and a mechanistic understanding of watershed ecosystem structure and function is required to understand their impacts on water quantity and quality. Economic and social values of ecosystem services such as water supply from forested watersheds must be quantified in future research, as land use decisions that impact ecohydrologic function are driven by the interplay among economic, social, political, and biological constraints. Future forest ecohydrological research should focus on: (1) understanding watershed responses to climate change and variability, (2) understanding watershed responses to losses of native species or additions of non-native species, (3) developing integrated models that capitalize on long-term data, (4) linking ecohydrologic processes across scales, and (5) managing forested watersheds to adapt to climate change. We stress that this new ecohydrology research must also be integrated with socio-economic disciplines. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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“…The nutrient loads during the storm flow periods were calculated using the ∑L-∑Q equation derived from the concentration and discharge data obtained during storm events (Chiwa et al 2010a;Ebise 1984;Ebise and Goda 1985;Ide et al 2009). The ∑L-∑Q equation calculates the cumulative nutrient load per storm event and is expressed as follows:…”

Section: Calculation Of Annual Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining storm sampling requirements for improving precision of annual load estimates of nutrients from a small forested watershed

Ide

Chiwa

Higashi

et al. 2011

Environ Monit Assess

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This study sought to determine the lowest number of storm events required for adequate estimation of annual nutrient loads from a forested watershed using the regression equation between cumulative load (∑L) and cumulative stream discharge (∑Q). Hydrological surveys were conducted for 4 years, and stream water was sampled sequentially at 15-60-min intervals during 24 h in 20 events, as well as weekly in a small forested watershed. The bootstrap sampling technique was used to determine the regression (∑L-∑Q) equations of dissolved nitrogen (DN) and phosphorus (DP), particulate nitrogen (PN) and phosphorus (PP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and suspended solid (SS) for each dataset of ∑L and ∑Q. For dissolved nutrients (DN, DP, DIN), the coefficient of variance (CV) in 100 replicates of 4-year average annual load estimates was below 20% with datasets composed of five storm events. For particulate nutrients (PN, PP, SS), the CV exceeded 20%, even with datasets composed of more than ten storm events. The differences in the number of storm events required for precise load estimates between dissolved and particulate nutrients were attributed to the goodness of fit of the ∑L-∑Q equations. Bootstrap simulation based on flow-stratified sampling resulted in fewer storm events than the simulation based on random sampling and showed that only three storm events were required to give a CV below 20% for dissolved nutrients. These results indicate that a sampling design considering discharge levels reduces the frequency of laborious chemical analyses of water samples required throughout the year.

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Estimation of annual suspended sediment yield from a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation considering antecedent rainfalls

Cited by 39 publications

References 49 publications

Multiple Time-Scale Monitoring to Address Dynamic Seasonality and Storm Pulses of Stream Water Quality in Mountainous Watersheds

Multiple Time-Scale Monitoring to Address Dynamic Seasonality and Storm Pulses of Stream Water Quality in Mountainous Watersheds

Forest ecohydrological research in the 21st century: what are the critical needs?

Determining storm sampling requirements for improving precision of annual load estimates of nutrients from a small forested watershed

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