Establishment of a standardized detergency evaluation method

Linfield, W. M.; Jungermann, Eric; Sherrill, J. C.

doi:10.1007/bf02633350

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…21,40,41 Germain 42 noticed that some factors such as temperature, agitation speed and the amount of detergent should be taken into consideration in optimizing laundering conditions. Linfield et al 43 proved that an increase in washing time, agitation speed or a detergent concentration contributed to better fabric detergency performance. They observed the maximum detergency at approximately 150-170 rpm and 15-20 min washing cycle for washing conditions at the temperature of 48.9 C, a concentration of a detergent of 0.2% and 135 ppm water hardness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Kalak

Cierpiszewski

2015

Textile Research Journal

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The purpose of this study is to correlate surface properties of laundry detergents and model surfactant solutions with their washing abilities. For the study, laundry detergents available on the Polish market were selected and categorized according to their retail price: the cheapest (P1, P2, P3), average priced (P4, P5, P6, P7, P8) and the most expensive (P9, P10). Anionic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and nonionic nonaethylene glycol monodecyl ether were used for the preparation of the model solutions. The content of the anionic and nonionic surfactants in the detergents was determined. Cotton fabrics were soiled with black carbon/olive oil, make-up, curry, red wine, tomato sauce, blood, chocolate, peat, tea, -carotene, grass, animal fat/red dye, baby food, clay, butter and used engine oil. Detergency tests were carried out at a temperature of 40 C in laboratory conditions using washing powders and model surfactant solutions in various concentrations. On the basis of the correlation between detergency and detergent properties, the most favorable size range of powder granules was identified. The negative correlation between contact angle, surface tension and detergency and the positive relationship between phosphorus pentoxide and active oxygen content, spreading coefficient, diffusion coefficient and detergency were determined. The closest correlation between surfactant content and detergency was observed at a concentration of 10 g/L, which resulted in maximum detergency. When the emulsifying properties were better, their soil removal efficiency was greater. Based on the analysis of the correlation, the characteristics of the tested laundry detergent solutions that had the greatest ability to remove dirt were described.

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confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Kalak

Cierpiszewski

2015

Textile Research Journal

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“…Linfield et al (11) conducted a detergency study using a Terg-O-Tometer and found that an increase in agitation speed, washing time, or detergent concentration produced better fabric detergency performance; for washing conditions at 48.9°C, 0.2% detergent, and 135 ppm water hardness, maximal detergency was observed at approximately 150-170 rpm and 15-20 min washing cycle. A Terg-O-Tometer is generally used in a bench-scale unit to simulate home washing-machine action.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: II. Detergency formulation and performance

Tongcumpou

Acosta

Quencer

et al. 2003

J Surfact & Detergents

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mixed surfactant system of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (ADPODS) and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was shown to form Winsor type I and type III microemulsions with hexadecane and motor oil. In addition, high solubilization and low interfacial tension were obtained between the oils and surfactant solutions both in the supersolubilization region (Winsor type I system close to type III system) and at optimal conditions in a type III system. In the present study, this mixed surfactant system was applied to remove oily soil from fabric (a polyester/cotton blend), and detergency results were correlated to phase behavior. Dynamic interfacial tensions were also measured between the oils and washing solutions. In the supersolubilization and in the middlephase regions (type III), much better detergency performance was found for both hexadecane and motor oil removal than that with a commercial liquid detergent product. In addition, the detergency performance of our system at low temperature (25°C) was close to that obtained at high temperature (55°C), consistent with the temperature robustness of the microemulsion phase behavior of this system. Paper no. S1362 in JSD 6, 205-214 (July 2003).KEY WORDS: Detergency, dynamic interfacial tension, microemulsion, mixed surfactants, supersolubilization.Detergency, by definition, is the removal of unwanted substances, so-called soils, from a solid surface by contacting them with liquid (1). In this complex process, soil removal is dependent on several factors, such as the nature and composition of the washing solution, type of soil, hydrodynamic conditions, water hardness, temperature, and electrolyte level, as well as the nature of the solid surface. Interactions at the air-water, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces are involved (2). FIG. 4. Detergency performance for hexadecane (A) and motor oil (B) removal for our formulation (3% AOT, 2% ADPODS and 2% Span 80) at 25°C, 0.112% active surfactant concentration, and various salt concentrations compared with deionized water and commercial liquid detergent (CP), SPS is our formulation in the supersolubilization region, and S* is the optimum salinity at equilibrium, from phase studies. For other abbreviations see Figure 1. FIG. 5. Hexadecane removal with our formulation compared to CP and to the IFT between the oil and washing solution at various salt concentrations.FIG. 8. Comparison of detergency performance of our microemulsion-based formulation of 3% AOT, 2% AD-PODS, and 2% Span 80 at supersolubilization [5 and 12% NaCl with hexadecane (A) and motor oil (B), respectively] with liquid detergent (CP) at different active concentrations (wt% of total surfactants in solution).

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“…Tergotometer offers a simple and rapid evaluation of washing performance by producing a certain level of soil removal which is sufficient to reflect reasonably small formulation differences for one wash [31][32][33][34][35]. Therefore, Copley Scientific tergotometer was used for preparing both synthetic dye and small-scaled wastewater solutions for the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Estimate Dye Concentration of Domestic Washing Machine Wastewater

İlkiz

Beceren

Candan

2021

Autex Research Journal

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This article focuses on developing a methodology which can be used to estimate the concentration of dyestuff released from textiles during domestic laundering, so that further studies involving decolorization of the wastewater from domestic washing machine can be conducted in an attempt to develop eco-friendly domestic washing processes. Due to the complexity of the problem, an approach was adopted so that, as an initial step, synthetic red and blue reactive dye solutions were prepared as representative wastewater solutions using Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Blue 19 dyestuffs for the estimation of dye concentration. This was followed by an experimental work consisting of washing tests involving the calculation of dye concentration in the wastewater obtained from domestic washing machine as well as tergotometer as a machine simulator. For this part of the work, dyed cotton plain jersey fabric samples were used to obtain wastewater solutions. All the dye solutions and the wastewater samples were measured with VIS spectrophotometer, and the maximum absorbance values were obtained at relevant wavelengths. Although the characteristics of absorbance spectra of synthetic and wastewater solutions were very different, the maximum absorbance values of both solutions overlapped at relevant wavelengths. The concentration of the dyestuff was calculated from the absorbance values measured at 540 and 592 nm for the red and blue, respectively. The statistical analysis of the data suggested that tergotometer can be used as a domestic washing machine simulator. Moreover, the regression analysis done for the dyestuff concentration under discussion revealed that the most significant factor was the washing step (main wash or rinsing) (89.5%) followed by color (red or blue) (3.4%) and washing device (washing machine or tergotometer) (1.5%).

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Establishment of a standardized detergency evaluation method

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: II. Detergency formulation and performance

An Approach to Estimate Dye Concentration of Domestic Washing Machine Wastewater

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