Commercial dry lipase fromCandida rugosa (formerlyC. cylindracea) was used to catalyze hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil at 26–40 C. A methodology was developed to yield results reproducible within ±10% and to achieve essentially complete hydrolysis. From the hydrolysis data, an empirical relationship was developed that shows that the percentage of free fatty acid formed is almost a linear function of the logarithm of reaction time and the logarithm of enzyme concentration. A 95–98% hydrolysis of the 3 substrates was achieved experimentally in 72 hr, requiring 15 units lipase per milliequivalent (U/meq) of coconut oil or tallow and 6 U/meq of olive oil. The kinetics of lipolysis were determined for all 3 substrates and were found to approximate first order. Lipolysis rate was higher for olive oil than for tallow and coconut oil; no significant differences were observed between the latter 2 substrates. No statistically significant change in overall reaction rate was found when the hydrolysis was run at 26 C, 36 C or 46 C. Although the literature cites calcium or sodium ions and albumin as beneficial adjuvants to enzymatic lipolysis, these additives appeared to have no significant beneficial effect on the reaction. On the other hand, hydrocarbon solvents and nonionic surfactants showed an adverse effect.

The hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil, by lipase from Candida rugosa, was studied. The reaction approximates a firstorder kinetics model. Its rate is unaffected by temperature in the range of 26-46 C. Olive oil is more rapidly hydrolyzed compared to tallow and coconut oil. tlydrolysis is adversely affected by hydrocarbon solvents and a nonionic surfactanL Since amounts of fatty acids produced are almost directly proportional to the logarithms of reaction time and enzyme concentration, this relationship provides a simple means of determining these parameters for a desired extent of hydrolysis. All three substrates can be hydrolyzed, almost quantitatively, within 72 hr. Lipase from Aspergillus niger performs similarly. The lipase from Rbizopus arrbizus gives a slow hydrolysis rate because of its specificity for the acyl groups attached to the c~hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Esterification of glycerol with fatty acid was studied with the lipase from C rugosa and A. niger. All expected five glycerides are formed at an early stage of the reaction. Removal of water and use of excess fatty acid reverse the reaction towards esterification. However, esterification beyond a 70% triglyceride content is slow.

Cationic high molecular weight surfactants hold promise as water repellents for soil for water harvesting. Specifically, the products of the reaction of 2 moles of fatty acids with 1 mole of diethylenetriamine were investigated. Optimum conditions for the formation of imidazolines as well as the open-chain N-(2-aminoethyl) derivatives, i.e., the diamides, were determined. Saturated fatty acids, pelargonic through behenic, oleic acid, elaidic acid as well as tallow, tallow fatty acids, and hydrogenated tallow fatty acids, were converted in 6 hr at 150 C to form the diamides. The fatty imidazolines were synthesized by cyclizing the diamides at 150 C for 2 hr under reduced pressure in a 92% yield. The crude imidazolines were purified by crystallization. The fatty imidazolines were readily hydrolyzed at the C=N bond of the imidazoline ring with water or dilute alcohol. The resulting diamides, RCON(CH 2CH 2NH 2)CH 2CH2NHCOR, were also purified by crystallization. Water repellency of these compounds was evaluated by contact angle measurements and percolation tests. The surface properties of these series of compounds are determined by four parameters. The open-chain diamides are more hydrophobic than the analogous imidazolines, and hydrophobicity increases with increasing molecular weight of derivatives of saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid derivatives are far more hydrophilic than the saturated acid derivatives or the analogous elaidic acid derivatives. The latter are more hydrophilic than stearic derivatives.

A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N-methylalkylamines, N,N-dimethylalkylamines, and N-acyl-N',N'-dimethyl-l,3-propane-diamines. Both mono-and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate-built detergent.of propanesultone in the presence of sodium methoxide to form the corresponding disulfopropylated compound. CH2-CH 2 RNHCH2CH2CH2SO3Na+NaOCH3+ I ~SO 2 CH2--O / RN(CH2CH2CH2SO3Na)2 + CH3OH A monosulfopropylated derivative was readily derived from an N-methylalkylamine. CH2-CH2 \ RNHCH 3 + [ SO 2 ~ RI~H(CH3)CH2CH2CH2SO 3-CH 2 --0 /