Epoxy-silica particulate nanocomposites: Chemical interactions, reinforcement and fracture toughness

Ragosta, G.; Abbate, Mario; Musto, Pellegrino; Scarinzi, Gennaro; Mascia, L.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.028

Cited by 279 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It shows that 20 wt% silica nanoparticle fraction provided 40% improvement in Young's modulus and simultaneously improved the toughness from 0.73 to 1.68 MPa m 1/2 [14]. There are a number of explanations for toughening mechanisms: the breakage of chemical bonds [10], nanoparticle debonding followed by plastic void growth [13], shear banding [15] and the local plastic deformation [16]. Our research shows that toughening was contributed by matrix dilatation which was induced by nanovoid formation and growth [14]; no interface debonding of nanoparticles was found, as opposed to their peer micron-sized particles [17e19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Structure–property relations of 55nm particle-toughened epoxy

Kuan

Dai

et al. 2010

Polymer

105

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Structure–property relations of 55nm particle-toughened epoxy

Kuan

Dai

et al. 2010

Polymer

105

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“…This is via the addition of a nanophase structure in the polymer, where the nanophase consists of small rigid particles of silica [15][16][17][18]. Such nanoparticle-modified epoxies have been shown to not only increase further the toughness of the epoxy polymer but also, due to the very small size of the silica particles, not to lead to a significant increase in the viscosity of the epoxy monomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Johnsen

Kinloch

Mohammed

et al. 2007

Polymer

850

576

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An epoxy resin, cured with an anhydride, has been modified by the addition of silica nanoparticles.The particles were introduced via a sol-gel technique which gave a very well dispersed phase of nanosilica particles which were about 20 nm in diameter. Atomic force and electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were well dispersed throughout the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature was unchanged by the addition of the nanoparticles, but both the modulus and toughness were increased. The measured modulus was compared to theoretical models, and good agreement was found. The fracture energy increased from 100 J/m 2 for the unmodified epoxy to 460 J/m 2 for the epoxy with 13 vol% of nanosilica. The fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and the results were compared to various toughening mechanisms proposed in the literature. The toughening mechanisms of crack pinning, crack deflection and immobilised polymer were discounted. The microscopy showed evidence of debonding of the nanoparticles and subsequent plastic void growth. A theoretical model of plastic void growth was used to confirm that this mechanism was indeed most likely to be responsible for the increased toughness that was observed due to the addition of the nanoparticles. IntroductionEpoxy polymers are widely used for the matrices of fibre-reinforced composite materials and as adhesives. When cured, epoxies are amorphous and highly-crosslinked (i.e. thermosetting)polymers. This microstructure results in many useful properties for structural engineering applications, such as a high modulus and failure strength, low creep, and good performance at elevated temperatures.However, the structure of such thermosetting polymers also leads to a highly undesirable property in that they are relatively brittle materials, with a poor resistance to crack initiation and growth.Nevertheless, it has been well established for many years that the incorporation of a second microphase of a dispersed rubber, e.g. Hence rigid, inorganic particles have also been used, as these can increase the toughness without affecting the glass transition temperature of the epoxy. Here glass beads or ceramic (e.g. silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].However, these relatively large particles also significantly increase the viscosity of the resin, reducing the ease of processing. In addition, due to the size of these particles they are unsuitable for use with infusion processes for the production of fibre composites as they are strained out by the small gaps between the fibres.More recently, a new technology has emerged which holds promise for increasing the mechanical performance of such thermosetting polymers. This is via the addition of a nanophase structure in the polymer, where the nanophase consists of small rigid particles of silica [15][16][17][18]. Such nanoparticle-modified epoxies have been shown to not only increase further the toug...

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“…As a result, liquid rubber and thermoplastics have been adopted to toughen epoxy. [22] New tougheners developed so far include silicate layers, [21,[23][24][25][26] silica nanoparticles, [27][28][29][30][31] block copolymer nanoparticles [32][33] and rubber nanoparticles. [33] In contrast, no metal nanoparticle has been proposed to toughen epoxy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication, Structure and Properties of Epoxy/Metal Nanocomposites

Zaman

et al. 2011

Macro Materials & Eng

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Gd2O3 nanoparticles surface‐modified with IPDI were compounded with epoxy. IPDI provided an anchor into the porous Gd2O3 surface and a bridge into the matrix, thus creating strong bonds between matrix and Gd2O3. 1.7 vol.‐% Gd2O3 increased the Young's modulus of epoxy by 16–19%; the surface‐modified Gd2O3 nanoparticles improved the critical strain energy release rate by 64.3% as compared to 26.4% produced by the unmodified nanoparticles. The X‐ray shielding efficiency of neat epoxy was enhanced by 300–360%, independent of the interface modification. Interface debonding consumes energy and leads to crack pinning and matrix shear banding; most fracture energy is consumed by matrix shear banding as shown by the large number of ridges on the fracture surface. magnified image

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Epoxy-silica particulate nanocomposites: Chemical interactions, reinforcement and fracture toughness

Cited by 279 publications

References 40 publications

Structure–property relations of 55nm particle-toughened epoxy

Structure–property relations of 55nm particle-toughened epoxy

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Fabrication, Structure and Properties of Epoxy/Metal Nanocomposites

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