“…However, it has become clear in recent years that effects of memory can also be observed through changes in performance on identification or production tasks involving previously studied stimuli, without the explicit retrieval of these stimuli being necessary. For example, when the initial event is the reading or the hearing of verbal items, subsequent modification in the processing of these items has been reported for reading performance (Moscovitch, Winocur, & McLachlan, 1986), lexical decision (Carroll & Kirsner, 1982), verbal association (Cofer, 1967), homophone spelling (Eich, 1984), anagram solution (Dominowski & Ekstrand, 1967), tachistoscopic identification (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981), identification in a perceptual clarification procedure (Feustel, Shiffrin, & Salasoo, 1983), and word completion (Tulving, Schachter, & Stark, 1982). Following Graf and Schachter (1985), the term implicit memory will be used here to designate the form of memory underlying such effects.…”