Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Algeria: An Update

Adel, Amel; Boughoufalah, Amel; Saegerman, Claude; Deken, R. De; Bouchene, Zahida; Soukehal, A.; Berkvens, Dirk; Boelaert, Marleen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099207

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The high number of CL cases registered in Algeria may be explained by the extension of classical foci and by the emergence of new foci across the country [26,41,42]. The occurrence of different bioclimatic zones (e.g., Mediterranean climate in the north and humid and semiarid zones in the southern Sahara), the desertification in the steppe of the northern Sahara, and population movements from endemic to non-endemic areas (and vice versa) have likely contributed to the increase in the number of CL cases in Algeria in the past decades [6,29,32,33,43,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania species in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria

et al. 2020

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease caused by various Leishmania spp., which are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Algeria is one of the most affected countries, with thousands of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases registered every year. From March to November of 2016 and 2017, sand flies were collected in 12 municipalities in Setif province, NorthEastern Algeria. Sand flies were identified and females were tested by PCR for detecting Leishmania DNA. Additionally, cutaneous leishmaniasis cases notified during the study period were analysed. Out of 1804 sand flies collected, 1737 were identified as belonging to seven species, with Phlebotomus perniciosus (76.2%), Ph. papatasi (16.7%) and Ph. sergenti (5.0%) being the most common species, representing together 97.9% of the collected specimens. The remaining specimens were identified as Sergentomyia minuta, Se. fallax, Ph. longicuspis and Ph. perfiliewi. The number of sand flies collected monthly was positively correlated with temperature. Out of 804 females tested, nine Ph. perniciosus (1.1%) scored positive for Leishmania infantum (n = 5), L. major (n = 3) and L. tropica (n = 1), respectively. During the study period, 34 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were notified in Setif, of which 58.8% were patients residing in two urban and peri-urban municipalities and 41.2% in rural areas. The finding of Ph. perniciosus as the most abundant species in Setif suggests that this sand fly may be adapted to different biotopes in the NorthEast region of Algeria. The detection of different Leishmania spp. in Ph. perniciosus suggests a complex epidemiological picture of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Setif, with the involvement of different etiological agents and possibly with different reservoir hosts and vectors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania species in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria

et al. 2020

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“…In vitro tests performed on intracellular amastigotes confi rmed that all the strains of L. major isolated from these children displayed a low susceptibility towards Sb (V) containing drugs in the form of Glucantime ® [37]. More recently, 9% of unresponsiveness to antimonial treatment was recorded in children with visceral leishmaniosis [38,39].…”

Section: Canine Leishmanioses In Algeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania antimony resistance/ susceptibility in Algerian foci

Eddaikra¹,

Aït-Oudhia²,

Oury³

et al. 2017

Open J Trop Med

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024-032. Medical Group AbstractAlgeria is one of the most endemic countries for cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniosis. Strikingly, with more than 21,000 annual cases of cutaneous leishmaniosis recorded in 2010, the disease has a major public health impact. For all forms of leishmaniosis, the fi rst line treatment relies on antimonial containing drug i.e., Glucantime®, developed during the 1950's. As early as 1986, antimonial treatment failure was reported during cutaneous leishmaniosis treatment. Linked to this therapeutic failure, Leishmania strains displaying a low susceptibility towards antimonials were isolated. Nevertheless, in Algeria, antimonial formulations still remain the fi rst line drug for all clinical forms of leishmaniosis. Therefore, an urgent need of knowledge on the baseline antimony susceptibility status of parasites strains in Algeria is required. These pieces of knowledge will shed light not only on the prevalence of antimony resistance in this area but also on underlying factors triggering this drug resistance in natural populations. Here, we performed a review of the literature on what is known about epidemiology, treatment failure, and antimony-resistance, in Algeria. We bring information on underlying mechanisms acting in antimony resistant parasites and discuss their potential to be used for diagnostic purpose. This analysis will help to set up protocols aiming at detecting antimony resistant strains in Algeria and to test the risk of transmission, two steps that are essential to defi ne public health policy in Algeria.

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“…The Leishmaniasis National Control Program (LNCP) in Algeria was established in 2006, with a vector control program based on pyrethroids as insecticides, but without reservoir host control program [5]. The treatment of the population is provided free of charge in the public sector, with the following antileishmanial medicines included in the national List of Essential Medicines: amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate [6,7]. In spite of the high prevalence, current chemotherapy for leishmaniasis is compromised by high cost, toxicity associated with long-term treatments, route of administration, drug resistance, and different strain sensitivity to the available drugs [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Leishmanicidal Evaluation of Pulicaria Inuloides Root Extracts: A Bioguided Fractionation

et al. 2019

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Leishmaniasis remains a major world health problem, and in particular, Algeria ranks second for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pulicaria inuloides is a well-known Arabian Peninsula medicinal plant. In the present study, the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts from the roots of Pulicaria inuloides were analyzed for antioxidant activity and its correlation with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The highest antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay was showed by the ethyl acetate extract (IC 50 4.08 µg/mL), which also had the highest total phenolic content (307.12 µgAGE). Furthermore, P. inuloides root extracts were evaluated against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani. The results highlighted the chloroform extract as the most active one against both tested Leishmania strains. A bioguided fractionation of the chloroform extract led to the isolation of (8R:8S)-(75:25 er)-10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxy-thymol isobutyrate as the main bioactive component, showing a potent leishmanicidal activity on L. amazonensis promatigote and amastigote stages (IC 50 5.03 and 2.87 µM, respectively) and a good selectivity index on murine macrophages (CC 50 19.37 µM). This study provides the first report of the antioxidant and leishmanicidal activities of P. inuloides root extracts and the results point to this species as a source of potential bioactive agents.

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Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Algeria: An Update

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania species in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria

Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania species in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria

Leishmania antimony resistance/ susceptibility in Algerian foci

Antioxidant and Leishmanicidal Evaluation of Pulicaria Inuloides Root Extracts: A Bioguided Fractionation

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