Epidemiology of the Black Knot Disease of Plums

Smith, D. H.; Lewis, Franklin B.; Wainwright, S. H.

doi:10.1094/phyto-60-1441

Cited by 10 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Drenching the seedlings with ascospore suspensions did not result in detectable infection in this study but has been successful in other investigations (2,6,11). Inoculation with conidia produced in culture has had limited success (11) but may merit further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…morbosa has a 2-year life cycle in north temperate regions (6,10,11). Ascospores are produced in the spring from perithecia that have overwintered on the dormant host and are airborne to susceptible trees during wet weather (5,10,11). Infection takes place shortly after budbreak, usually at the base of the developing shoot, and swelling of infected shoot tissue first appears during the latter part of the same growing season or at the beginning of the next.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…morbosa has been isolated in pure culture and produces the anamorph (Hormodendrum sp.) on culture media (2,6,11). The role of this stage in the life cycle of the fungus is uncertain (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Wall

1986

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…morbosa has been isolated in pure culture and produces the anamorph (Hormodendrum sp.) on culture media (2,6,11). The role of this stage in the life cycle of the fungus is uncertain (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Wall

1986

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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“…), is a major disease of Prunus spp. throughout North America (Smith et al 1970;Wainwright and Lewis 1970;Ritchie et al 1975;McFadden-Smith et al 2000). The disease infects woody parts of plants, primarily young twigs or branches, but also main trunks, and may eventually kill whole trees when most branches are infected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and morphological characteristics ofApiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot inPrunusspp.

Fernando

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2005

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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Thirty isolates of Apiosporina morbosa, which were isolated from wild chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), an ornamental cultivar of chokecherry with purple foliage (P. virginiana 'Shubert Select'), and domestic plum (Prunus domestica), were compared for morphological and molecular characteristics, using culture techniques and data from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) I and II, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analyses. Strains of A. morbosa grew as olive-green colonies that changed in about 2 weeks to a dark-brown colour. Cultures produced single-or two-celled and cylindrical conidia with tapering ends. Conidia had a mean size of 4.51 µm × 10.97 µm. The overall colony and conidial morphology in cultures of the A. morbosa isolates was generally similar to that of an isolate of Cladosporium herbarum. Pseudothecia were globose and produced clavate asci with unequally two-celled and club-shaped ascospores having mean sizes of 6.68-7.37 µm × 16.42-16.78 µm. RFLP markers produced by endonucleases DdeI, Bst98I, and VspI in the ITS region differentiated the pathogen isolates from other gall-associated fungi, but no difference was observed among the A. morbosa isolates, using these markers. The sequences of the ITS region had >99% similarity among 30 isolates of A. morbosa, and a total of eight unique genotypes were found, based on ITS sequence alignment. The most common genotype was manifested in 21 of 30 A. morbosa isolates, based on the ITS sequences. Three A. morbosa isolates had an identical sequence to that of an isolate of C. herbarum. A comparison with an isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides showed that A. morbosa differed from C. cladosporioides by 3%, based on ITS sequences. SRAP analysis detected 18 unique genotypes and a high genetic diversity (H = 0.256) among 25 isolates of A. morbosa. The pathogen population isolated from wild chokecherry produced more unique genotypes and higher genetic diversity (H = 0.283) than the population from 'Shubert Select' (H = 0.165). However, an exact test indicated no differentiation between these two populations (P = 0.334) with a gene flow rate of 4.28. Most of the isolates from 'Shubert Select' were clustered in a subgroup in a phylogenetic dendrogram. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences of the A. morbosa isolates in our study and related taxa extracted from GenBank revealed that A. morbosa had the closest genetic distance with Cladosporium spp.

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Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

et al. 2021

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Melanin, a widespread pigment found in many taxa, is widely recognized for its high refractive index, ultraviolet (UV) protection, radical quenching ability, metal binding, and many other unique properties. The aforementioned characteristic traits make melanin a potential candidate for biomedical, separation, structural coloration, and space applications. However, the commercially available natural (sepia) and synthetic melanin are very expensive, limiting their use in various applications. Additionally, eumelanin has been the primary focus in most of these studies. In the present study, we demonstrate that melanin can be extracted from the pathogenic black knot fungus Apiosporina morbosa with a yield of ∼10% using the acid–base extraction method. The extracted melanin shows irregular morphology. Chemical characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that the melanin derived from black knots is the less explored nitrogen-free allomelanin. Additionally, the extracted melanin shows broadband UV absorption typical of other types of melanin. Because of the wide availability and low cost of black knots and the invasive nature of the fungus, black knots can serve as an alternative green source for obtaining allomelanin at a low cost, which could stimulate its use as an UV light absorber and antioxidant in cosmetics and packaging industries.

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Epidemiology of the Black Knot Disease of Plums

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Molecular and morphological characteristics ofApiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot inPrunusspp.

Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

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