Molecular and morphological characteristics of<i>Apiosporina morbosa</i>, the causal agent of black knot in<i>Prunus</i>spp.

Fernando, W. G. Dilantha; Zhang, J.X.; Chen, C.Q.; Remphrey, W. R.; Schurko, Andrew M.; Klassen, Glen R.

doi:10.1080/07060660509507234

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Black knot disease, caused by the pathogenic fungus A. morbosa, − results in a tumor-like outgrowth on branches of fruit trees, which darkens over time into hard-woody black knots (Figure a). Under the optical microscope and SEM, the knots appear as a cluster of ∼150 μm nodules (Figure b,c).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 − 45 Following the germination of spores, the fungus penetrates the host tree’s tissues and stimulates an abnormal tumor-like outgrowth, which matures and darkens over a period of reportedly 2 years into hard and woody black knots (∼0.5–2″ diameter and >1″ length). 42 , 43 The disease results in poor fruit production, and in some cases, where most of the branches are infested, it may cause the death of the whole tree. Works have been done to control the black knot disease, where the knot-infested twigs and branches are pruned and burnt down to control the infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we explore the idea of using black knots as an alternative source for melanin. Black knot is a widespread disease in North America caused by the pathogenic ascomycetes fungus (Apiosporina morbosa) that infects the woody parts of plum, cherry, apricot, and chokecherry trees, mainly twigs and branches but occasionally trunks. − Following the germination of spores, the fungus penetrates the host tree’s tissues and stimulates an abnormal tumor-like outgrowth, which matures and darkens over a period of reportedly 2 years into hard and woody black knots (∼0.5–2″ diameter and >1″ length). , The disease results in poor fruit production, and in some cases, where most of the branches are infested, it may cause the death of the whole tree. Works have been done to control the black knot disease, where the knot-infested twigs and branches are pruned and burnt down to control the infection .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

et al. 2021

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Melanin, a widespread pigment found in many taxa, is widely recognized for its high refractive index, ultraviolet (UV) protection, radical quenching ability, metal binding, and many other unique properties. The aforementioned characteristic traits make melanin a potential candidate for biomedical, separation, structural coloration, and space applications. However, the commercially available natural (sepia) and synthetic melanin are very expensive, limiting their use in various applications. Additionally, eumelanin has been the primary focus in most of these studies. In the present study, we demonstrate that melanin can be extracted from the pathogenic black knot fungus Apiosporina morbosa with a yield of ∼10% using the acid–base extraction method. The extracted melanin shows irregular morphology. Chemical characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that the melanin derived from black knots is the less explored nitrogen-free allomelanin. Additionally, the extracted melanin shows broadband UV absorption typical of other types of melanin. Because of the wide availability and low cost of black knots and the invasive nature of the fungus, black knots can serve as an alternative green source for obtaining allomelanin at a low cost, which could stimulate its use as an UV light absorber and antioxidant in cosmetics and packaging industries.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

et al. 2021

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“…The stromata are erumpent, variable in shape and size, at first olivaceous-green, later blackish and firm (Fernando et al, 2005). Conidiophores arising from the upper cells of stroma are unbranched or branched at the base, 20-95 9 3-6(-7) lm, septate, pale olivaceous to pale brown.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the fungus Apiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot, for the EU. The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection/identification. The pest is listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC and is not known to occur in the EU. Apiosporina morbosa is present in Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the continental states of the USA. The major hosts of A. morbosa are Prunus domestica and Prunus cerasus; the host status of other Prunus species and hybrids is uncertain because of contradictory reports or lack of information. The pest could potentially enter the EU on host plants for planting and plant parts originating in infested third countries. Wood of Prunus spp. is also a pathway of entry, but of minor importance. The current pest distribution and climate matching suggest that the pest could establish and spread in the EU wherever the hosts are grown. In the infested areas, the pest causes girdling of twigs and occasionally of larger branches, whereas trees with multiple infections loose vigour, bloom poorly, and become unproductive, stunted and susceptible to winter injury and infection by other pathogens. The presence of black knots makes trees unsuitable for timber production. It is expected that the pest introduction and spread in the EU would impact host production. Uncertainty exists on whether the agricultural practices and chemical control methods applied in the EU could prevent the establishment and spread of A. morbosa. A. morbosa meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pest. As the pest is not known to occur in the EU, this criterion to consider it as Union regulated non-quarantine pest is not met.

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“…Black knot caused by Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) Arx, a widespread disease that can reduce timber value, can be identified on black cherry branches and stems [25]. Pathogens such as Armillaria spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Community Taxa Differ in Diversity and Number between Live and Dead Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wood in a Protected Forest within Its Secondary Range of Distribution

Baranowska,

Korzeniewicz,

Behnke-Borowczyk

et al. 2023

Forests

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Prunus serotina is an important invasive plant species in Poland. It was introduced to European forests, even in places currently protected by law, such as national parks. One major factor contributing to the spread of this species is the lack of infecting pathogens and incomplete knowledge about the relationship between the plant and microorganisms. This study aimed to identify fungal communities collected from freshly cut stumps of live and dead black cherry tree specimens growing in a protected forest. The main working hypotheses were as follows: (i) fungal communities inhabiting the wood of dead and living trees will differ in diversity and the number of taxa; and (ii) saprotrophic fungi will dominate in the wood of dead tree stumps. This study applied Illumina sequencing based on the amplification of the fungal ribosomal ITSI region. The average number of sequences (OTU) obtained from the analysis of dead tree wood was 101,758, while that of living trees was 94,150. These sequences belonged to 312 taxa, among which 254 were isolated from the wood of dead trees and 171 from that of living trees. Among the saprotrophs on dead trees, the following species were identified: Stereum rugosum, Ganoderma adspersum, G. applanatum, Peniophora cinerea, and Ascocoryne cylichnium. On the other hand, in the wood of living trees, Cytospora leucostoma and Botrytis cinerea were the most abundant saprotrophic species. The fungal communities inhabiting the wood of dead and living trees differed in the diversity and abundance of taxa, thus confirming our hypothesis. The results of our research conducted in a protected area indicate that black cherry wood can be naturally colonized by many pathogen species that can further limit its expansion.

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Molecular and morphological characteristics ofApiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot inPrunusspp.

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus─a Sustainable Source of Melanin

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Fungal Community Taxa Differ in Diversity and Number between Live and Dead Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wood in a Protected Forest within Its Secondary Range of Distribution

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