Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Wall, R. E.

doi:10.1080/07060668609501845

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In field studies, ascospores of A. morbosa have been trapped at 9.14 m (maximum distance studied) from the inoculum source (Koch, 1933) (see Section 3.1.2). Based on Wall (1986) field studies, in which the use of A. morbosa for the biological control of wild P. pensylvanica trees was investigated, there was evidence of disease spread 10-20 m from the inoculum source. The author also reported that, in natural stands of P. pensylvanica, the disease progressively killed 26% of the trees within 6 years.…”

Section: Climatic Conditions Affecting Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the fungus Apiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot, for the EU. The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection/identification. The pest is listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC and is not known to occur in the EU. Apiosporina morbosa is present in Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the continental states of the USA. The major hosts of A. morbosa are Prunus domestica and Prunus cerasus; the host status of other Prunus species and hybrids is uncertain because of contradictory reports or lack of information. The pest could potentially enter the EU on host plants for planting and plant parts originating in infested third countries. Wood of Prunus spp. is also a pathway of entry, but of minor importance. The current pest distribution and climate matching suggest that the pest could establish and spread in the EU wherever the hosts are grown. In the infested areas, the pest causes girdling of twigs and occasionally of larger branches, whereas trees with multiple infections loose vigour, bloom poorly, and become unproductive, stunted and susceptible to winter injury and infection by other pathogens. The presence of black knots makes trees unsuitable for timber production. It is expected that the pest introduction and spread in the EU would impact host production. Uncertainty exists on whether the agricultural practices and chemical control methods applied in the EU could prevent the establishment and spread of A. morbosa. A. morbosa meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pest. As the pest is not known to occur in the EU, this criterion to consider it as Union regulated non-quarantine pest is not met.

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Section: Climatic Conditions Affecting Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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“…The pathogen infects a variety of Prunus host species including chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.), domestic plum (Prunus domestica L.), wild plum (Prunus americana Marsh), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), and pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) in Canada (Koch 1933(Koch , 1935bWall 1986;Northover and McFadden-Smith 1995). Previous studies have shown that various strains of the pathogen may have some specificity to certain host plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although investigations in etiology (Gilbert 1913;Koch 1933Koch , 1934aKoch , 1934bKoch , 1935bGourley 1962;Wainwright and Lewis 1970), epidemiology (Smith et al 1970;Ritchie et al 1975;Wall 1986;McFadden-Smith et al 2000), and disease management (Gourley 1962;Northover and McFadden-Smith 1995) for black knot disease on Prunus spp. have been carried out, the pathogen's biology is still poorly understood, and no information on its genetics has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and morphological characteristics ofApiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot inPrunusspp.

Fernando

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2005

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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Thirty isolates of Apiosporina morbosa, which were isolated from wild chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), an ornamental cultivar of chokecherry with purple foliage (P. virginiana 'Shubert Select'), and domestic plum (Prunus domestica), were compared for morphological and molecular characteristics, using culture techniques and data from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) I and II, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analyses. Strains of A. morbosa grew as olive-green colonies that changed in about 2 weeks to a dark-brown colour. Cultures produced single-or two-celled and cylindrical conidia with tapering ends. Conidia had a mean size of 4.51 µm × 10.97 µm. The overall colony and conidial morphology in cultures of the A. morbosa isolates was generally similar to that of an isolate of Cladosporium herbarum. Pseudothecia were globose and produced clavate asci with unequally two-celled and club-shaped ascospores having mean sizes of 6.68-7.37 µm × 16.42-16.78 µm. RFLP markers produced by endonucleases DdeI, Bst98I, and VspI in the ITS region differentiated the pathogen isolates from other gall-associated fungi, but no difference was observed among the A. morbosa isolates, using these markers. The sequences of the ITS region had >99% similarity among 30 isolates of A. morbosa, and a total of eight unique genotypes were found, based on ITS sequence alignment. The most common genotype was manifested in 21 of 30 A. morbosa isolates, based on the ITS sequences. Three A. morbosa isolates had an identical sequence to that of an isolate of C. herbarum. A comparison with an isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides showed that A. morbosa differed from C. cladosporioides by 3%, based on ITS sequences. SRAP analysis detected 18 unique genotypes and a high genetic diversity (H = 0.256) among 25 isolates of A. morbosa. The pathogen population isolated from wild chokecherry produced more unique genotypes and higher genetic diversity (H = 0.283) than the population from 'Shubert Select' (H = 0.165). However, an exact test indicated no differentiation between these two populations (P = 0.334) with a gene flow rate of 4.28. Most of the isolates from 'Shubert Select' were clustered in a subgroup in a phylogenetic dendrogram. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences of the A. morbosa isolates in our study and related taxa extracted from GenBank revealed that A. morbosa had the closest genetic distance with Cladosporium spp.

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“…In Canada, studies have been undertaken at the Pacific Forestry Centre in Victoria (Dorworth 1990), McGill University (Winder and Watson 1990) and the Quebec Ministry of Energy and Resources in cooperation with Lava1 University (Jobidon 1991;Jobidon et al 1989;Thibault, personal communication). In addition, studies on weed biocontrol have been conducted in the Maritime provinces (Wall 1977(Wall , 1983(Wall , 1986(Wall , 1990. Forestry Canada's Pacific Forestry Centre has initiated a full-scale research program, involving five people on a fulltime basis, on biological control of forest weeds.…”

Section: Current Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and potential role of mycoherbicides for forestry

Wall¹,

Prasad²,

Shamoun³

1992

The Forestry Chronicle

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With increasing intensification of forest management and limited options for control of competing vegetation, there is need for research on alternative vegetation management methods, including biological control. Most forest weeds in Canada are native species with useful as well as detrimental roles, and therefore classical biological control with introduced natural enemies generally cannot be considered. At present, use of native fungal pathogens, or mycoherbicides, is one of the most promising approaches, and recent advancements in agriculture indicate that effective, site-specific controls using mycoherbicides are possible. Mycoherbicide use in forestry appears attractive because of the likelihood of fewer off-target effects than present vegetation management methods and because it could provide either selective controls for specific weeds or broad spectrum controls.Vegetation management in forestry has some unique aspects which will make the development of biological controls different from that in agriculture. There are many indigenous plant pathogens that are potential mycoherbicides, but their efficacy will need to be enhanced by adjuvants, stress treatments, and integration with other vegetation control practices. Currently, at three Canadian institutions and several other locations worldwide, there are research programs on biological control of forest vegetation.

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Effects of Black Knot Disease on Pin Cherry

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Pest categorisation of Apiosporina morbosa

Molecular and morphological characteristics ofApiosporina morbosa, the causal agent of black knot inPrunusspp.

The development and potential role of mycoherbicides for forestry

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