Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children enrolled in a study of influenza vaccine effectiveness

Abstract

BackgroundInfluenza-like illness (ILI) confers a high annual morbidity in young children. We report the epidemiology of ILIs in children who participated in an influenza vaccine effectiveness study during the 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza season in Sydney, Australia.MethodsChildren aged 0·5–3 years were prospectively recruited from child care centres (CCCs). We classified them as fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and unvaccinated according to their receipt of unadjuvanted vaccines containing influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. For 13 weeks commencing 30 July 2010, parents reported when their children developed an ILI (fever ≥37·8°C/feverishness plus ≥1 respiratory symptom) and collected nose and/or throat swabs for multiplex respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Health impacts were assessed by telephone interview at enrolment and two weeks after each ILI.ResultsThere were 124 ILIs reported in 105 of 381 enrolled children. Swabs were taken in 117 ILIs: 175 viruses were identified from 103 swabs. Adeno- and rhinoviruses were most frequently identified; 44% of swabs yielded multiple viruses. No virus was associated with more severe symptoms, although rhinovirus-related ILIs lasted longer. Nose swabs had a higher virus detection rate than throat swabs. Influenza-vaccinated children were 1·6 times (P = 0·001) more likely than unvaccinated children to have a non-influenza ILI.ConclusionAdeno- and rhinoviruses were the most common viruses causing ILI. Swabs taken by parents are an effective method for sample collection. Influenza-like illness was more common in children vaccinated against influenza in this observational study, but prior health-seeking behaviour may have contributed to this difference.

Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: Epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample

“…13 In another prospective Australian study in children aged 6 months to 3 years reporting ILI, rhinovirus was again the most commonly detected. 15 However, in contrast to our results, adenovirus was detected at the same frequency as rhinovirus, followed by parainfluenza 3, polyomavirus, hMPV and HBov. 15 Influenza (A/H1N1) and RSV were relatively uncommon; approximately 40% of children were fully or partially vaccinated against influenza.…”

“…15 However, in contrast to our results, adenovirus was detected at the same frequency as rhinovirus, followed by parainfluenza 3, polyomavirus, hMPV and HBov. 15 Influenza (A/H1N1) and RSV were relatively uncommon; approximately 40% of children were fully or partially vaccinated against influenza. Rhinovirus is not always the most commonly detected virus in children with respiratory disease.…”

Back-to-School Upper Respiratory Infection in Preschool and Primary School-Age Children in Israel

“…14 This study coupled with our findings provides strong evidence for the contribution of rhinovirus to respiratory illness at the beginning of the school year. 19 Furthermore, the fact that these viruses were isolated more often in cases as compared with controls suggests that they were the cause of illness in cases during the study period. The presence of these viruses in controls may be because of prolonged viral shedding after infection, colonization or incubation before disease.…”

Important Factors of the Inflammatory Process in the O Ropharynx and Optimal Treatment Regimes Selection

“…Среди бактериальных возбудителей наи-большее значение имеет β-гемолитический стрептококк группы А (БГСА), золотистый стафилококк (S. aureus), кото-рый часто формирует микст-инфекции с респираторными вирусами или в 20% является моновозбудителем воспа-лительного процесса задней стенки глотки или/и небных миндалин [1]. При этом вне зависимости от природы возбудителя почти 100% больных при острых респира-торных заболеваниях жалуются на чувство инородного тела, жжения, першения, сухости в ротоглотке и боль при глотании, различающихся разной степенью выраженно-сти [2]. К другим инфекционным агентам относят Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, где клинические проявления фарингита возникают одновременно со скарлатинопо-добной сыпью, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia и Chlamydia pneumonia [3,4].…”