Epidemiology of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in Children in Spain, 1996–1998

Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines

“…18 In children with pneumococcal meningitis, the overall mean annual incidence (cases/100 000) was 7.5, ranging from 0.7 in the UK 19 to 22.0 in Spain. 18 Studies performed in Austria, 20 Belgium, 21 Denmark, 22 Finland, 23 Germany, [24][25][26][27] Hungary, 28 Italy, 29 Norway, 30 Portugal, 17 Slovakia, 31 Spain, [32][33][34] and the UK 35,36 have estimated the incidence of IPD from prospective/active surveillance studies, whereas the incidence of IPD in other studies conducted in Denmark, [37][38][39] the Netherlands, 40 Norway, 41 Poland, 42 Slovenia, 43 Spain, 18,[44][45][46][47] Sweden, 48 and the UK 19,[49][50][51][52][53] were estimated from passive surveillance analyses.…”

“…The increase in empyema was probably due to circulating serotypes 1 and 5 prior to vaccine implementation. 33 The authors did not suggest a causal association between the vaccine and the emergence of non-vaccine serotype empyema.…”

Risk factors for invasive disease among children in Spain

“…Prospective studies performed in Spain found that the incidence rate of invasive disease by Journal N. meningitidis in children under 5 years of age was 22.3 cases per 100 000 children; 1 the respective figures for Hib (in non-vaccinated children) and S. pneumoniae were 18.2 2 and 10.5 cases per 100 000. 3 At the end of 1997, due to the increased number of cases of disease caused by serogroup C meningococcus in Spain, a universal vaccination campaign was performed with the meningococcal A þ C polysaccharide vaccine which dramatically reduced infection by this organism. 1 The Hib vaccine has also been administered routinely since 1998, although the vaccine was filed for registration at the end of 1994, and was sold in retail pharmacies on prescription by paediatricians before 1988.…”

Burden of paediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Europe, 2005

“…Spain : 'Isolation of S. pneumoniae in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or any other sterile biological fluid' [49,[51][52][53][54]. 'Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hib in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and synovial fluid ' [48].…”