Epidemiology of Human Rabies in the United States, 1980 to 1996

Noah, Donald L.; Drenzek, Cherie; Smith, Jean S.; Krebs, John W.; Orciari, Lillian A.; Shaddock, John H.; Sanderlin, Dane W.; Whitfield, Sylvia G.; Fekadu, Makonnen; Olson, James G.; Rupprecht, Charles E.; Childs, James E.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00012

Cited by 248 publications

(172 citation statements)

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“…Adherence to the WHO-recommended guidelines ensures protection against rabies 25 . Analyzing the cases of human rabies reported in the United States from 1980 to 1998, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention observed that none of the 32 patients received post-exposure prophylaxis before the onset of clinical disease 16 . This highlights the importance of rapid post-exposure prophylaxis for individuals exposed to potential rabies virus transmitters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

Dantas‐Torres

Oliveira-Filho

2007

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

Dantas‐Torres

Oliveira-Filho

2007

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Periodic increases in numbers of reported cases of rabies in states where the disease is enzootic among raccoons occur when populations of raccoons decimated by a previous epizootic again reach densities sufficient to support transmission of rabies virus. 9,10 The first field release of the V-RG vaccine in the United States began during 1990. 39 The vaccine was conditionally licensed in April 1995 and was fully licensed in April 1997.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monoclonal antibody analysis and genetic sequencing indicated that 34 (91.9%) of these 37 persons were infected with bat rabies virus variants (14 of 15 [indigenously acquired; 4 received transplants from a rabies-infected donor]) since 2000 (Table 2). 6,9,10 Although infection of human beings with rabies virus from bats remains a rare occurrence, the prevention of such infection remains an important public health concern. 46 Rabies in bats is epidemiologically distinct from terrestrial rabies maintained by carnivores.…”

Section: 51mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,6,7 Various public health activities, including vaccination of domestic livestock and companion animals, vaccination programs targeting wildlife, and ongoing education programs, have contributed to the reduction in transmission of rabies virus from terrestrial animals to human beings. 8 However, a number of rabies cases in human beings has resulted from infection with rabies virus variants that are associated with bats, 9,10 a wildlife group difficult to target for rabies control by conventional methods. Prevention of rabies resulting from infection with bat-associated variants is further challenged by the frequent absence of known exposure histories involving a bat bite in human rabies cases.…”

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Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004

Krebs¹,

Mandel²,

Swerdlow³

et al. 2005

javma

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“…Entre 1981 y 1997 ocurrieron 20 casos de rabia en humanos transmitida por murciélagos no hematófagos en los Estados Unidos, lo que indica claramente su importancia como reservorios de la enfermedad (25).…”

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Encefalitis rábica humana por mordedura de murciélago en un área urbana de Colombia

2009

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Se presenta el caso de un adolescente con encefalitis rábica adquirida cuatro meses después de ser mordido por un murciélago en el área urbana de Floridablanca (Santander), Colombia. La complejidad de sus manifestaciones clínicas hizo muy difícil confirmar el diagnóstico antes de su muerte, principalmente por su período de incubación y la ausencia de casos similares en áreas diferentes de las selváticas. A pesar de las diversas estrategias terapéuticas, que incluyeron el denominado Protocolo de Milwaukee, el paciente falleció luego de 19 días de evolución y la necropsia confirmó que se trataba de una panencefalitis aguda necrosante de etiología viral rábica. La prueba de inmunofluorescencia directa en tejido cerebral fue positiva, lo mismo que la prueba biológica con ratones. La tipificación viral mostró la variante antigénica 3, cuyo reservorio principal es el vampiro hematófago Desmodus rotundus. Con el reporte de este caso de encefalitis rábica por mordedura de un murciélago, probablemente el primero informado en un área urbana de Colombia y de los pocos en América Latina, alertamos a las autoridades sanitarias y a la comunidad en salud, para aumentar y fortalecer las medidas preventivas en todos los niveles.Palabras clave: encefalitis, rabia, quirópteros, zoonosis, autopsia, Colombia. Human rabies encephalitis by a vampire bat bite in an urban area of ColombiaA case of rabies encephalitis is presented in a teenaged male, which developed four months after a bat bite in the urban area of Floridablanca, Santander Province, Colombia. The complex clinical manifestations prevented the confirmation of an antemortem diagnosis, principally because of the lengthy incubation period and the absence of other similar urban cases. Despite application of several therapies, including the Milwaukee protocol, the patient died 19 days after hospital admission. The autopsy revealed a necrotic, acute, pan-encephalitis of rabies virus etiology. The test of direct immunofluorescence in brain tissue was positive, as well as the biologic test in mice. Serological tests indicated it to be an antigenic variant type 3, whose main reservoir is the hematophagous vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. This is probably the first case of bat-induced rabies reported in an urban community of Colombia and one of the few in Latin America. Although rabies encephalitis by a bat bite is rare, the case serves as a notice to health authorities and to the medical community to be alert to this risk. La rabia es una zoonosis viral que causa, aproximadamente, 50.000 casos nuevos anualmente en el mundo, o sea, casi uno cada 10 minutos. La mayoría de los casos ocurren en países en desarrollo y los perros son el principal vector en ellos (1). Sin embargo, existen otros

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Epidemiology of Human Rabies in the United States, 1980 to 1996

Cited by 248 publications

References 11 publications

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004

Encefalitis rábica humana por mordedura de murciélago en un área urbana de Colombia

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