Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004

Krebs, John W.; Mandel, Eric J.; Swerdlow, David L.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1912

Cited by 83 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…After 1992, specimen submissions increased to almost eightfold, and the number of positive animals increased to 45-fold. Similar to observations in other jurisdictions (Fischman et al, 1992;Krebs et al, 1994;Wilson et al, 1997;Guerra et al, 2003;Krebs et al, 2004), raccoons and skunks with the raccoon strain virus became the predominant animals positive for rabies, and the diversity of submitted and positive animals continued to increase significantly. In the period 1985-1991, bats accounted for 50/52 (96%) rabiespositive animals, with two foxes with bat strain rabies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In this study, we review annual rabies data from Massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. Of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/ 52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. Bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (Procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis, 34.4%, 1,489 of 4,332), bats (5.3%, 427 of 8,053), foxes (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 16.3%, 135 of 827), cats (0.8%, 136 of 18,050), and woodchucks (Marmota monax, 5.7%, 82 of 1,446). Cats were the most frequently tested animal (34.7%). Raccoon strain rabies spread from two foci of introduction with an initial epizootic phase of 4 yr, by which time most of the state was affected. In 1992, there was a transition from enzootic bat rabies, with little spillover to other animals, to terrestrial rabies associated with raccoon strain virus. Although raccoons were most affected by the raccoon strain virus, there was spillover to other species, particularly to skunks. The eastern United States raccoon rabies epizootic led to a marked increase in submissions for rabies testing and the number of positive animals detected; however, bat rabies cases remained at their previous levels. Wild animal rabies presents a significant threat to humans and domestic/companion animals and increased costs related to increased demand for rabies testing, postexposure prophylaxis as well as euthanasia of valuable domestic animals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Until recently, exposure to rabies virus was considered inevitably fatal, but evidence is mounting in both animals and humans that survival after exposure to rabies is possible (Deem et al 2004;Jackson et al 2008;Jorge et al 2010;Gilbert et al 2012), and some animals that are exposed mount an immune response but do not develop signs of rabies. A black bear with neurologic signs and abnormal behavior was diagnosed with rabies in 2007 in Garrett County, but cases of rabies are considered rare in free-ranging bears, with only three other reported cases in bears between 1992 and 2011 in the US, all in black bears in the eastern US (Krebs et al 2000(Krebs et al , 2005Blanton et al 2008). All of these other cases presented with neurologic signs and were found to be infected with the raccoon variant of the rabies virus (New York State Department of Health 2011), which is the variant that is endemic in Maryland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEROSURVEY FOR SELECTED PATHOGENS IN FREE-RANGING AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN MARYLAND, USA

Bronson¹,

Spiker²,

Driscoll

2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Maryland, USA, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. From 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five Maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. A large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and Toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. Prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies virus and to infectious agents of carnivores including canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus were lower. Bears also had antibodies to vector-borne pathogens common to bears and humans such as West Nile virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Antibodies were detected to Leptospira interrogans serovars Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, and Bratislava. We did not detect antibodies to Brucella canis or Ehrlichia canis. Although this population of Maryland black bears demonstrated exposure to multiple pathogens of concern for humans and domesticated animals, the low levels of clinical disease in this and other free-ranging black bear populations indicate the black bear is likely a spillover host for the majority of pathogens studied. Nevertheless, bear populations living at the human-domestic-wildlife interface with increasing human and domestic animal exposure should continue to be monitored because this population likely serves as a useful sentinel of ecosystem health.

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“…This mechanism of incompatibility between secondarily sympatric sister populations might be absent from infrequently colonized archipelagoes, such as Hawaii and Galapagos. Disease organisms might be poorly represented in such remote locations owing to the small number of colonizing hosts (species and individuals), lack of suitable vectors, and stochastic loss of pathogens from host pop-illations on isolated islands (e.g., Van Riper et al 1986;Font and Tate 1994;Krebs et al 1998). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Causes of Evolutionary Radiations in Archipelagoes: Passerine Birds in the Lesser Antilles

Ricklefs

Bermingham

2007

The American Naturalist

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TO investigate why some lineages undergo evolutionary radiation, we compare the passerine avifaunas of the Hawaiian and Galapagos archipelagoes, which have supported well-known radiations of birds, with those of the Lesser Antilles, which have not. We focus on four steps required for the buildup of diversity through allopatric speciation and secondary sympatry: genetic divergence in isolation, persistence of island populations, recolonization of source islands, and ecological compatibility in secondary sympatry. Analysis of genetic divergence among island populations in the Lesser Antilles reveals evidence of both prolonged independent evolution and reexpansion of differentiated island populations through the archipelago but little evidence of secondary sympatry of divergent genetic lineages. Archipelagoes with high rates of colonization from continental or nearby large-island sources might fail to promote evolutionary radiations because colonists fill ecological space and constrain diversification through competition. However, morphological analysis demonstrated similar divergence between allopatric populations in species in Hawaii, Galapagos, and the Lesser Antilles, although the rate of divergence between secondarily sympatric species evidently is more rapid in Hawaii and the Galapagos. Alternatively, endemic buildup of diversity might be facilitated by the relative absence of pathogens in Hawaii and Galapagos that otherwise could prevent the secondary sympatry of populations owing to disease-mediated competition.

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Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004

Cited by 83 publications

References 39 publications

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

SEROSURVEY FOR SELECTED PATHOGENS IN FREE-RANGING AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN MARYLAND, USA

The Causes of Evolutionary Radiations in Archipelagoes: Passerine Birds in the Lesser Antilles

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