Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Indonesia: common source and propagated source as a cause for outbreaks

Abstract

Introduction: The COVID-19 outbreak first occurred in China and has developed throughout the world, including Indonesia. The Indonesian government reports that up to May 22, 2020 there have been 21,430 confirmed cases. The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiology, clinical symptoms and comorbidities of COVID-19 as well as the various government interventions to reduce the rate of incidence.
 Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was designed. The population in this study is based data from the official Indonesian government website run by the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling COVID-19. The sample was observed b March 2 to April 24, 2020. The total sample included 8,211 cases of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, among these 1,002 recovered and 689 died. Data analysis used percentages from various recorded epidemiological variables.
 Results: The results showed that COVID-19 epidemiological features were mostly observed in men (56.5%) and patients of productive age (31-59 of age) by 57.5%; most deaths were recorded in patients aged > 60 years (43.6%). The most recurrent clinical symptom was cough (77.8%), the most recurrent comorbidity was hypertension (52.4%), and the province with the highest COVID-19 incidence was DKI Jakarta (34.3%).
 Conclusions: The combination of common sources and propagated source was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. Special attention should be given to protecting vulnerable populations such as children, health care providers, and the elderly. The community is expected to participate in preventing the transmission of COVID-19 by complying with health protocols.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of lung tissue in COVID-19 patient severity through core biopsy post mortem

“…The prevalence of COVID-19 in Indonesia as of June 2020 was 27,676 cases, and the highest age was 31–45 years (29.3%). The percentage of deaths from COVID-19 increases with age and the number of comorbidities [ 11 ]. In this study, male sex was obtained as much as 71.1%.…”

Analysis of COVID-19 Test Positivity Rate in West Sumatra, Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study of One-year Observation

“…From this data, we assumed that the transmission rate in regencies was lower than in cities. We also hypothesized that the surge of infection in regencies is mainly due to high epidemic transmission in cities followed by regencies-cities-regencies migration, although the source of infection might come from both regions (27). It is important to control the regional border to prevent COVID-19 outbreak in an area during pandemic situation due to its high spreading potential.…”

COVID-19 test positivity rate dynamics in West Sumatra, Indonesia: a retrospective study

“…For example, the City of Kota Padang had a TPR peak of 22.66% in October 2020, while the neighbouring regencies of Solok and Padang Pariaman reached the peak a month later. This condition might be due to a higher viral transmission in cities and regencies-cities-regencies migration, though infection could have come from either region (27). Thus, controlling district borders may prevent viral spreading between regions.…”