Epidemiology and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders

West, Keith P.

doi:10.1002/9781118628003.ch23

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Vitamin A deficiency affects immunity and subsequently leads to the damage of light-sensitive receptors (Gonçalves et al, 2016 ). Individual with vitamin A deficiency may acquire a permanent blindness known as xerophthalmia (West, 2015 ). Carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin which is localized in the eye macula may protect against harmful blue and near-ultraviolet light (Ma et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Role Of Antioxidants In the Prevention Of Age-related Diseasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

et al. 2018

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Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older is positively linked to cognitive and biological degeneration such as physical frailty, psychological impairment, and cognitive decline. Oxidative stress is considered as an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant species, which results in molecular and cellular damage. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of age-related diseases. Emerging research evidence has suggested that antioxidant can control the autoxidation by interrupting the propagation of free radicals or by inhibiting the formation of free radicals and subsequently reduce oxidative stress, improve immune function, and increase healthy longevity. Indeed, oxidation damage is highly dependent on the inherited or acquired defects in enzymes involved in the redox-mediated signaling pathways. Therefore, the role of molecules with antioxidant activity that promote healthy aging and counteract oxidative stress is worth to discuss further. Of particular interest in this article, we highlighted the molecular mechanisms of antioxidants involved in the prevention of age-related diseases. Taken together, a better understanding of the role of antioxidants involved in redox modulation of inflammation would provide a useful approach for potential interventions, and subsequently promoting healthy longevity.

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Section: Role Of Antioxidants In the Prevention Of Age-related Diseasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

et al. 2018

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“…Thus, regular provitamin A carotenoid intake by such people contributes to the prevention of vitamin A deficiency, which is indicated by serum levels of retinol less then 0.7 μM (17) . Night blindness and xerophthalmia are vitamin A deficiency syndromes (18) , though mainly of relevance in developing countries with co-occurring additional nutrient deficiencies (19,20) , while abnormalities such as a reduced immunological competence and pulmonological disturbances are more frequent vitamin A deficiency disorders in humans with main relevance for children in Western society (21,22) . Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid health benefits – where are we now?

et al. 2021

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Dietary intake and tissue levels of carotenoids have been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, brain related diseases and some types of cancer. However, intervention trials with isolated carotenoid supplements have mostly failed to confirm the postulated health benefits. It has thereby been speculated that dosing, matrix and synergistic effects, as well as underlying health and the individual nutritional status plus genetic background do play a role. It appears that our knowledge on carotenoid-mediated health benefits may still be incomplete, as the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood in relation to human relevance. Antioxidant mechanisms – direct or via transcription factors such as NRF2 and NF-κB - and activation of nuclear hormone receptor pathways such as of RAR/RXR or also PPARs, via carotenoid-metabolites, are the basic principles which we try to connect with carotenoid-transmitted health benefits as exemplified with described common diseases including obesity/diabetes and cancer. Depending on the targeted diseases, single or multiple mechanisms of actions may play a role. In this review and position paper, we try to highlight our present knowledge on carotenoid metabolism and mechanisms translatable into health benefits related to several chronic diseases.

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“…Vitamin research has had an enormous and positive impact on global population health ( 11 ). Vitamin research has allowed us to all but eradicate basic nutrition-related diseases as a direct result of vitamin deficiency—such as scurvy (vitamin C) ( 12 ), rickets (vitamin D) ( 13 ), pellagra (nicotinic acid) ( 14 ), xerophthalmia (vitamin A) ( 15 ), and beriberi (thiamine) ( 3 ) to name but a few—primarily through the addition of micronutrients to food or direct supplementation of malnourished populations. More recently, the discovery that consumption of the recommended amount of folate before and during early pregnancy can reduce the likelihood of neural tube defects led to the implementation of a federally mandated folic acid fortification program in the United States, which reduced the incidence of neural tube defects in newborns by almost 20% ( 16 ) and which has since been undertaken in nearly 80 other countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Decline in Vitamin Research Funding: A Missed Opportunity?

Chambers

Anderson

Salem

et al. 2017

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Background: The National Nutrition Research Roadmap has called for support of greater collaborative, interdisciplinary research for multiple areas of nutrition research. However, a substantial reduction in federal funding makes responding to these calls challenging. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine temporal trends in research funding and to discuss the potential consequences of these trends. Methods: We searched the NIH RePORTER database to identify NIH research grants and USASpending to identify National Science Foundation and USDA research grants awarded from 1992 to 2015. We focused on those that pertained to vitamin research. For the years 2000 to 2015, we examined funding trends for different vitamins, including vitamins A, B (one-carbon B-vitamins were considered separately from other B-vitamins), C, D, E, and K. Results: From 1992 to 2015, total federal research spending increased from ∼$14 to $45 billion (2016 US dollars). Although vitamin research spending increased from ∼$89 to $95 million, the proportion of grants awarded for vitamin research declined by more than two-thirds, from 0.65% in 1992 to 0.2% in 2015. Federal agencies awarded 6035 vitamin research grants over the time period, with vitamin A associated with the most research projects per year on average (n = 115) and vitamin K the fewest (n = 8). Vitamin D research projects were associated with the greatest average yearly project value ($34.8 million). Conclusions: Vitamin research has faced a disproportionate decline in research funding from 1992 to 2015. Insufficient federal research funding streams risk stalling progress in vitamin research and leaving important advancements unrealized.

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Epidemiology and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders

Cited by 4 publications

References 109 publications

Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases

Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid health benefits – where are we now?

The Decline in Vitamin Research Funding: A Missed Opportunity?

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