IntroductionCalculating the cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted associated with interventions is an increasing popular means of assessing the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve population health. However, there has been no systematic attempt to characterize the literature and its evolution.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies reporting cost-per-DALY averted from 2000 through 2015. We developed the Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GHCEA) Registry, a repository of English-language cost-per-DALY averted studies indexed in PubMed. To identify candidate studies, we searched PubMed for articles with titles or abstracts containing the phrases “disability-adjusted” or “DALY”. Two reviewers with training in health economics independently reviewed each article selected in our abstract review, gathering information using a standardized data collection form. We summarized descriptive characteristics on study methodology: e.g., intervention type, country of study, study funder, study perspective, along with methodological and reporting practices over two time periods: 2000–2009 and 2010–2015. We analyzed the types of costs included in analyses, the study quality on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high), and examined the correlation between diseases researched and the burden of disease in different world regions.ResultsWe identified 479 cost-per-DALY averted studies published from 2000 through 2015. Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa comprised the largest portion of published studies. The disease areas most commonly studied were communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders (67%), followed by non-communicable diseases (28%). A high proportion of studies evaluated primary prevention strategies (59%). Pharmaceutical interventions were commonly assessed (32%) followed by immunizations (28%). Adherence to good practices for conducting and reporting cost-effectiveness analysis varied considerably. Studies mainly included formal healthcare sector costs. A large number of the studies in Sub-Saharan Africa addressed high-burden conditions such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases and malaria, and diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, meningitis, and other common infectious diseases.ConclusionThe Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry reveals a growing and diverse field of cost-per-DALY averted studies. However, study methods and reporting practices have varied substantially.

The success of disinvestment initiatives has been mixed, with fewer than half the identified empirical studies reporting that use of the low-value service was reduced. Our findings suggest that promotion of the disinvestment initiative among clinicians is a key component to the success of the disinvestment initiative.

Background: The National Nutrition Research Roadmap has called for support of greater collaborative, interdisciplinary research for multiple areas of nutrition research. However, a substantial reduction in federal funding makes responding to these calls challenging. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine temporal trends in research funding and to discuss the potential consequences of these trends. Methods: We searched the NIH RePORTER database to identify NIH research grants and USASpending to identify National Science Foundation and USDA research grants awarded from 1992 to 2015. We focused on those that pertained to vitamin research. For the years 2000 to 2015, we examined funding trends for different vitamins, including vitamins A, B (one-carbon B-vitamins were considered separately from other B-vitamins), C, D, E, and K. Results: From 1992 to 2015, total federal research spending increased from ∼$14 to $45 billion (2016 US dollars). Although vitamin research spending increased from ∼$89 to $95 million, the proportion of grants awarded for vitamin research declined by more than two-thirds, from 0.65% in 1992 to 0.2% in 2015. Federal agencies awarded 6035 vitamin research grants over the time period, with vitamin A associated with the most research projects per year on average (n = 115) and vitamin K the fewest (n = 8). Vitamin D research projects were associated with the greatest average yearly project value ($34.8 million). Conclusions: Vitamin research has faced a disproportionate decline in research funding from 1992 to 2015. Insufficient federal research funding streams risk stalling progress in vitamin research and leaving important advancements unrealized.

Objectives: The SF6D is a preference-based measure designed to calculate QALY. Preference-based measures are standardized multidimensional health state classifications with preference or utility weights elicited from a sample of the population. There is actually a concern that valuations may differ between countries because of differences in culture, thus invalidating the use of values obtained from one country in another. The aim of this article is to assess whether these valuations differ from one country to another for the SF6D. MethOds: We performed a systematic review of articles that developed value sets for the SF6D. The data search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus. This search was completed by a scanning of the researchgate page of John Brazier, inventor of the SF6D, and of the SF6D webpage hosted by the University of Sheffield. The search was performed up to November 2014 and all languages were considered. The quality of the articles was assessed with the CREATE checklist developed by Xie et al. (2014). Methodological differences were assessed. Results: From a total of 466 articles, 21 were selected. This corresponded to 8 different countries (UK,

Environmental health issues and practices are important in sport to reduce the risk of diseases occurrence and transmission. However, there is lack of a data about them among football players in Libya. This study aims to assess the environmental health knowledge and practices among youth football players in Benghazi, Libya. The study involves 182 participants who were involved from five youth football clubs with age means (17 ± 1.3ys). Players filled self-prepared questionnaire, which contained two sections : environmental knowledge and practices. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS. Almost 62% of the participants had not attend any lecture about environmental health. Markedly, 58% of players sharing their tools with others; in particular towels and water bottles. 75% of the sample were non-familiar with the hazards of sharing tools and 65% did not know about blood-born infections and their transmission mode. 81% of participants did not receive vaccinations, and 125 did not receive any acclimation programs about playing in changed temperature environment. In this study, there was a lake of knowledge about essential environmental health issues as well as poor practices regarding to sharing tools, vaccinations and acclimation practices. Hence, establishment of environmental health education programs among footballer players is of great significant.