Epidemiological Research on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Mainland China

Abstract

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has led to millions of attacks and several outbreaks across the world and become more predominant in Asia-Pacific Region, especially in Mainland China, is caused by several Human Enteroviruses including new enterovirus, coxsakievirus and echovirus. In recent years, much research has focused on the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD. In this article, multiple characteristics of HFMD such as basic epidemiology, etiology and molecular epidemiology; influencing factors; detection; and surveillance are reviewed, as these can be help protect high risks groups, prevalence prediction and policy making for disease prevention.

Joint diagnosis of pediatric and dermatology clinics: Prospective observation of thirtynine patients with hand, foot and mouth disease

“…'nın 9 çalışmasına benzer şekilde, cinsiyet açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmadı 4,[6][7][8]14 . Uzak Doğu'dan bildirilen çalışmalarda, hastalığın coğrafik bölgelere bağlı olarak mevsimsel bir dağılım gösterdiği bildirilmiştir 1,6 . Çoğu olgu yaz süresince ve erken sonbahar dönemlerinde oluşur 3 .…”

“…İlk kez 1957 yılında Yeni Zelanda'dan tanımlanmıştır 1 . Etkeni Picornaviridae ailesinden Echovirus, Coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, B5, A16 ve Enterovirus 71, 72 olarak bildirilmektedir 2 .…”

Presence of enteroviruses in recreational water in Wuhan, China

“…The strains detected in Wuhan were different than strains detected in Hawaiian recreational waters, indicating the ability of these methods to detect a wide variety of enteric virus strains (Connell et al, 2012;Tong et al, 2011). Enteric viruses continue to be a substantial source of waterborne disease outbreaks and other infections worldwide, including in China (Chang et al, 2011;Halliday et al, 1991;Ma et al, 2010;Ray et al, 1991). Several different strains of enteric viruses were found in this study, many of which are potentially infectious to humans.…”

“…Enteric viruses, which include the adenoviruses, rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses and picornaviruses, (Griffin et al, 2003) have been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks worldwide (CDC, 2008;Chang et al, 2011;Halliday et al, 1991;Kamizoulis and Saliba, 2004;Ma et al, 2010;Ray et al, 1991;Yan Ye et al, 2012). Though enteric virus infections are generally mild gastroenteritis and diarrhea, they have also been associated with more serious illnesses such as encephalitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, as well as an outbreak of hand, food, and mouth disease in China in 2008 (Chang et al, 2011;Fong and Lipp, 2005).…”

“…Though enteric virus infections are generally mild gastroenteritis and diarrhea, they have also been associated with more serious illnesses such as encephalitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, as well as an outbreak of hand, food, and mouth disease in China in 2008 (Chang et al, 2011;Fong and Lipp, 2005). In the United States from 2002-2004 there were a total of 4123 confirmed enterovirus detections, and annually there are approximately 21 million cases of norovirus in the US (CDC, 2006(CDC, , 2012.…”