Epidemiological investigations of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in selected districts of Borana zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

Abstract

From November 2016 to April 2017, a cross-sectional study to determine the sero-prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and to investigate its epidemiology was conducted in selected districts of Borana zone in Ethiopia. In addition, the study aimed at identifying Mccp antigens using species specific primer of PCR. A multistage random sampling was implemented to select districts, pastoral associations (villages), and households. A total of 890 serum samples of small ruminants that had not been vaccinated (goats n = 789 and sheep n = 101) were collected and screened for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung tissues and pleural fluid samples were collected from 3 sero-positive and clinically suspected goats for isolation of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae . Serology showed that overall 31.2% (246/789) of goats and 12.9% (13/101) of sheep were positive with statistically significant differences between districts ( p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that goats from Moyale and Yabello districts had higher odds of being positive than goats from Elwoya district with odd ratios of 2.05 and 1.61, respectively. Age of goats was also significantly associated with sero-positivity (OR = 1.47; CI 95% 1.2–1.8). Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae was identified in 6 (75%) of the tissue samples using species-specific primer of PCR. Besides improving the understanding of the epidemiology of CCPP in the selected districts and demonstrating its wide distribution, the study highly also provides evidence of the possible role of sheep in the maintenance of the disease.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for chlamydiosis, coxiellosis and brucellosis in sheep and goats in Borana pastoral area, southern Ethiopia

“…The annual mean temperature varies from 19 to over 25°C. Extensive pastoralism (nomadic pastoralism) is the main means of livelihood for the Borana people [37]. Cattle, goats, sheep and camels are important livestock species raised in the area.…”

Determination of Seroprevalence of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Associated Risk Factors in Goats and Sheep Using Classification and Regression Tree

“…Interestingly, the pooled prevalence of CCPP in Africa, Asia, and Southeast Europe was 23.2% in sheep, which is consistent with our findings [ 2 ]. In most of the studied areas, sheep kept with goats showed CCPP seropositivity [ 12 ]. Therefore, this study supports that sheep have an important role in the CCPP epidemiology.…”

“…According to the information reported by OIE, CCPP has been reported in nearly 40 countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East where most of the worldwide goat population exists [ 11 , 12 ]. The disease was first identified in Algeria in 1873 [ 13 ].…”

Novel Candidates for Vaccine Development Against Mycoplasma Capricolum Subspecies Capripneumoniae (Mccp)—Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

“…Approximately 507 million US dollars are lost yearly in endemic areas due to morbidity, mortality, and loss of production, in addition to costs involved in the prevention, control, and treatment [4,14]. Recent emergence of CCPP in newer areas, like Afghanistan [24], Mauritius [22], Tajikistan [25], Pakistan [26], India [4,5], China [27,28], Saudi Arabia [29], and Qatar [30], as well as increased incidence of outbreaks in prevalent areas like Ethiopia [31], Kenya [32,33], Tanzania [34], Turkey [35], and the African Union [1] has also raised concerns. Outbreaks are even occurring in wild animals [36,37,38], endangering the neighboring countries as there is always a risk of spreading the disease [5,39,40].…”

“…Despite the fact that various vaccine forms have been developed, applied, and some were proven effective, the disease has not been prevented or controlled, with endemic areas threatening disease-free areas. Many countries continue to have insufficient vaccination of their goat population, preventing the control of disease [31]. Hence, there is an opportunity for future development and application of CCPP vaccines.…”