Epidemiological investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Bangladeshi cattle during 2019–2020

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious viral disease of cattle with a wide distribution that emerged in Bangladesh in 2019, causing huge economic losses. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological features of LSD emergence in nine districts of Bangladesh between December 2019 and December 2020. A total of 8215 cattle from 603 herds were investigated and LSD was diagnosed based on the characteristic clinical findings. A standard questionnaire was administered to collect herd-level data including location, herd size, number of LSD-infected cattle, number died due to LSD, farm type, season, house type, vector presence, sanitation and fly repellent use. Similarly, data on clinical signs, sex, age, animal class and breed of the LSD-infected cattle were also recorded. The herd-level attack risk (%) and mortality risk (%) were calculated based on the number of infected and dead cattle, respectively, as a proportion of total cattle. The herd-level risk factors for LSD were identified using a multivariable Poisson regression model. The most common clinical signs were skin nodules (100%), fever (97.9%) and depression with anorexia and weight loss (97.9%). Crossbred (84.9%) and female (72.2%) cattle were mostly affected by LSD. The overall LSD attack risk, mortality risk and case fatality were 26.5%, 0.26% and 0.97%, respectively. The LSD attack risk was significantly higher in small herds (risk ratio: [RR] 1.39; 95% CI: 1.27; 1.53) than large herds. In addition, significantly higher LSD attack risk was observed in semi-intensive management systems (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.64) than intensive management systems. Moreover, it was also significantly higher in hut

Lumpy Skin Disease: An Economically Significant Emerging Disease

“…In general, conditions favoring large vector populations, such as the heavy rainy season, warm, humid weather, and the purchase and introduction of new animals to a herd, are risk factors associated with the spread of LSD. In Bangladesh, LSD attack risk was significantly higher in small herds than in large herds, and the disease was observed in semi-intensive management systems than intensive management systems [33]. Communal grazing, communal water points, the introduction of a new animal, and contact with other animals were identified as significant risk factors for LSDV infection in cattle in Egypt [34].…”

Characterization, histopathology and immunogenicity of the lumpy skin disease virus isolated during 2019–20 in Bangladesh

“…Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an important transboundary viral disease of livestock with substantial economic implications. It is caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), which belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus, subfamily Chordopoxvirniae, and family Poxviridae ( Uddin et al, 2022 ). LSD is highly host-specific, primarily affecting cattle (both Bos indicus and B. taurus ), although it can also infect water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) ( Yousefi et al, 2017 ; World Organization for Animal Health, 2023 ).…”

“…The clinical presentation of LSD varies widely, ranging from asymptomatic illness to fatal outcomes ( Carn and Kitching, 1995 ). Common clinical features of LSD include high fever, loss of appetite, generalized skin nodules, enlarged lymph nodes, sterility, skin erythema, and abortion ( Uddin et al, 2022 ). The severity of the disease can vary depending on factors such as the LSDV strain, cattle breed, sex, age, with lower mortality typically below 2% and variable morbidity that can reach up to 100% ( Sprygin et al, 2018 ; Badhy et al, 2021 ; Wilhelm and Ward, 2023 ).…”

“…The first reports of LSD outbreaks in Bangladesh and India came in July and August 2019, respectively. These outbreaks further spread to nearly all Central, South, and Southeast Asian countries ( Parvin et al, 2022 ; Uddin et al, 2022 ). By 2019–20, LSD had reached virtually every district in Bangladesh, emerging as an important disease ( Haque and Gofur, 2020 ; Sarkar et al, 2020 ; Badhy et al, 2021 ; Hasib et al, 2021 ; Khalil et al, 2021 ; Chouhan et al, 2022 ; Uddin et al, 2022 ).…”

Descriptive Epidemiology of the first outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle in Indonesia

“…Wide ranges of morbidity have been reported in India and Bangladesh, from as low as 0.05-38.34% (Badhy et al, 2021;Sudhakar et al, 2020). Mortality is usually low in an outbreak of LSD in cattle, at less than 3% (Abutarbush et al, 2015;Mat et al, 2021;Uddin et al, 2022). This low mortality may contribute to ignorance amongst farmers of the risk of LSD transmission thus, impair the implementation of control measures in affected regions.…”