Lumpy Skin Disease: An Economically Significant Emerging Disease

Khalafalla, Abdelmalik

doi:10.5772/intechopen.108845

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“… Lumpy skin disease prevalence worldwide and over time from 1929 to 2022. The impacted nations are shown in yellow between 1929 and 1970, orange between 1971 and 1988, pink between 1989 and 2011, and red between 2012 and 2022, with permission from A. Khalafalla, [ 37 ]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

2023

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the Capripoxvirus genus, mainly infecting cattle and buffalo, which until relatively recently was only endemic in parts of Africa and then spread to the Middle East and lately Europe and Asia. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease with a serious impact on the beef industry as it causes mortality of up to 10% and has impacts on milk and meat production, as well as fertility. The close serological relationship between LSDV, goat poxvirus (GTPV) and sheep poxvirus (SPPV) has led to live attenuated GTPV and SPPV vaccines being used to protect against LSD in some countries. There is evidence that the SPPV vaccine does not protect from LSD as well as the GTPV and LSDV vaccines. One of the LSD vaccines used in Eastern Europe was found to be a combination of different Capripoxviruses, and a series of recombination events in the manufacturing process resulted in cattle being vaccinated with a range of recombinant LSDVs resulting in virulent LSDV which spread throughout Asia. It is likely that LSD will become endemic throughout Asia as it will be very challenging to control the spread of the virus without widespread vaccination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

2023

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“…Arthropods provide the main route of LSDV transmission [reviewed in references ( 5 , 6 )]. The disease was first reported in 1929 in northern Rhodesia (current Zambia), reached South Africa in 1944 ( 7 ), and became an endemic disease in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa during the last century [reviewed in references ( 5 , 8 )]. During the last decades, the disease moved north and eastward to become endemic in the Middle East and Turkey ( 8 , 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete genome reconstruction of the global and European regional dispersal history of the lumpy skin disease virus

Van Borm,

Dellicour,

Martin

et al. 2023

J Virol

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a disease of economic importance affecting cattle. Its global epidemiology is complex due to the combination of vector-borne and anthropogenic spread, the circulation of vaccine-like recombinants, and the use of vaccines. The slow molecular evolution of its DNA genome limits the utility of genetic variation for accurate tracing based on evolutionary analyses, but this limitation has not yet been formally assessed. Furthermore, until present, whole genome sequencing in affected areas has remained patchy. This study combines the first fine-grained sampling of LSDV whole genomes from a time-constrained (2015–2017) southeastern European (SEE) LSDV outbreak, which we analyze along with curated public genomes to investigate the global and regional viral dispersal dynamics. First, haplotype networks visualizing the limited genetic variability associated with the SEE LSDV outbreak show intense intermixing between countries. We also assess at which spatial scale a correlation between genetic and geographic distances can be detected for LSDV. On a global scale, we show the importance of accounting for recombination events that can impact phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions. Following the assessment of the temporal signal in the recombination-free alignment, our time-scaled continuous phylogeographic analysis of Kenya-like and recent wild-type viruses confirms the origin and global dissemination history of LSDV. Our analyses highlight the importance of careful selection and application of phylodynamic approaches to DNA viruses, as well as the importance of whole genome sampling in endemic and outbreak areas to improve our understanding of the evolution, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of DNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has a complex epidemiology involving multiple strains, recombination, and vaccination. Its DNA genome provides limited genetic variation to trace outbreaks in space and time. Sequencing of LSDV whole genomes has also been patchy at global and regional scales. Here, we provide the first fine-grained whole genome sequence sampling of a constrained LSDV outbreak (southeastern Europe, 2015–2017), which we analyze along with global publicly available genomes. We formally evaluate the past occurrence of recombination events as well as the temporal signal that is required for calibrating molecular clock models and subsequently conduct a time-calibrated spatially explicit phylogeographic reconstruction. Our study further illustrates the importance of accounting for recombination events before reconstructing global and regional dynamics of DNA viruses. More LSDV whole genomes from endemic areas are needed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of global LSDV dispersal dynamics.

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“…LSD is characterized by the presence of numerous skin lesions which are well-circumscribed and range between 2 to 7 cm in diameter, appear solid with flat-topped papules and nodules, and multiple coalescing centers (Liang et al, 2022). The virus persists in skin lesions, blood, scabs, oral, nasal, and ocular fluids, semen, and occasionally in animal skin without any noticeable symptoms (Khalafalla, 2022). Following LSDV infection, the virus replicates in the epidermal tissue, resulting in viremia and sudden onset of fever in the animal.…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical Representations Of Lsdv: From Sign...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As soon as the infected nodules on the mouth, nose, eyes, udder, genitalia, and rectum; begin to ulcerate, LSDV finds passage into all bodily fluids like saliva, nasal and ocular secretions, and even the genital discharge. Consequently, many cattle suffer from significant emaciation and weakness, resulting in the loss of animal productivity for several months, which may further inflict permanent damage to the hides (Khalafalla, 2022).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical Representations Of Lsdv: From Sign...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to recent studies, most tissues and organs of the infected animals exhibit pathological alterations such as mastitis, orchitis, necrotic hepatitis, lymphadenitis, and disseminated vasculitis (Khalafalla, 2022). Tracheitis, cardiac damage, and other pathological alterations are also seen in a few cattle.…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical Representations Of Lsdv: From Sign...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Virus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Sudden Global Emergence

Moudgil¹,

Chadha²,

Khullar³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an animal virus and a member of the Poxviridae family, which causes lumpy skin disease (LSD) in livestock animals like cows and buffaloes. LSD is an important transboundary disease of economic importance that was first discovered in 1929 in Zambia. LSDV has been prevalent in African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported previously. However, the virus has spread rapidly across the Middle East in the past two decades, reaching Russia and, recently, the Asian subcontinent. With the unprecedented cluster outbreaks reported across Asian countries, LSDV is certainly undergoing an epidemiological shift and expanding its geographical footprint globally. The recent LSD outbreaks have gained attention from global regulatory authorities and raised serious concerns among epidemiologists and veterinary researchers. Although there is no dearth of knowledge about LSDV, the disease lacks networked global surveillance and management, consequently making the current statistics deficient, fragmented, and unreliable. Hence, recurrent LSD outbreaks seriously threaten the global livestock industry. This review provides recent insights into LSDV by augmenting latest literature associated with its epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, currently-available intervention strategies, and economic implications on the dairy industries. The review also critically examines the changing epidemiological footprint of LSD and speculates on the possible reasons contributing to the ongoing multi-country LSD outbreak.

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Lumpy Skin Disease: An Economically Significant Emerging Disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 45 publications

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

Complete genome reconstruction of the global and European regional dispersal history of the lumpy skin disease virus

Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Virus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Sudden Global Emergence

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