Background: The focus of this research was to assess the biogas production of Chicken Manure (CM) collected from hybrid layer chickens fed non-commercial (CMNC) and commercial (CMC) feed, as well as to evaluate the bacterial load of feeding stock and digested slurry samples before and after Anaerobic Digestion (AD). The effects of the feedstock and digestion composition of CM on biogas production were measured. The experiment was carried out utilizing lab-based proto-type digesters for CM with or without inoculum. For each commercial and non-commercial feed, four experimental groups (CMNC1, CMNC2, CMC1, and CMC2) were designed using mixing ratios of CM: H 2 O: inoculum (25:25:50) and CM: H 2 O (50:50). For Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), the digesters were set up at ambient temperature (28-34 C) for 30 days. The spread plate technique was used to determine the Total Viable Count (TVC), E. coli, and Salmonella spp. counts. Results:The highest average cumulative biogas yield was achieved from CMC2 > CMNC2 > CMC1 > CMNC1. The biogas production of inoculum added groups were statistically significant (p < 0.01) than the without inoculum groups. The average concentration of CH 4 and CO 2 in biogas was 49% and 51% for CMNC1, 58% and 42% for CMNC2, 46% and 54% for CMC1, 52% and 42% for CMC2. However, the H 2 S content was within the acceptable range except for the CMNC2 group. The bacterial load was decreased by 2-3 logs before and after AD, and this reduction was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The study concluded that the CM diluted with water and inoculum (25:25:50) ratio was recommended for sustainable biogas production.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious viral disease of cattle with a wide distribution that emerged in Bangladesh in 2019, causing huge economic losses. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological features of LSD emergence in nine districts of Bangladesh between December 2019 and December 2020. A total of 8215 cattle from 603 herds were investigated and LSD was diagnosed based on the characteristic clinical findings. A standard questionnaire was administered to collect herd-level data including location, herd size, number of LSD-infected cattle, number died due to LSD, farm type, season, house type, vector presence, sanitation and fly repellent use. Similarly, data on clinical signs, sex, age, animal class and breed of the LSD-infected cattle were also recorded. The herd-level attack risk (%) and mortality risk (%) were calculated based on the number of infected and dead cattle, respectively, as a proportion of total cattle. The herd-level risk factors for LSD were identified using a multivariable Poisson regression model. The most common clinical signs were skin nodules (100%), fever (97.9%) and depression with anorexia and weight loss (97.9%). Crossbred (84.9%) and female (72.2%) cattle were mostly affected by LSD. The overall LSD attack risk, mortality risk and case fatality were 26.5%, 0.26% and 0.97%, respectively. The LSD attack risk was significantly higher in small herds (risk ratio: [RR] 1.39; 95% CI: 1.27; 1.53) than large herds. In addition, significantly higher LSD attack risk was observed in semi-intensive management systems (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.64) than intensive management systems. Moreover, it was also significantly higher in hut
Background: Anaerobic digestion (AD) has many benefits and is a safe way to generate energy, address the energy shortage problem, and reduce waste and carbon emissions.The study aimed to determine the performance evaluation of prefabricated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) biogas digester and compare different feeding intervals using cow manure. This study was conducted at ambient temperature in three types of feeding practice (daily, 4-day, and 7-day feeding interval) to investigate the variation of biogas production and evaluation of digester performances. The composition of biogas, pH, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were measured regularly and weekly basis. The TVC, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. counts were determined by the spread plate technique method using PCA, EMB agar, and SS agar plate, respectively. Results:The comparison results of daily versus 4-day feeding interval indicated that the total biogas and methane yield was 34% and 28% higher in 4-day interval feeding. The average digester performance was also 34% higher in 4-day feeding interval digester than daily feeding digester. However, the comparison results of daily versus 7-day interval feeding indicated that the total biogas, methane yield, and digester performance were slightly higher in daily feeding. Before and after AD, the bacterial load (TVC, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. count) was reduced by 2-3 logs, and this reduction was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The performance of PVC digester was highly satisfactory and good enough to fulfil the demand (0.8-1.6 m 3 ) of a five-member family for cooking both in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
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