Epidemiological and clinical analysis of a consecutive series of conjoined twins in Spain

Separation of Conjoined Twins in Harare, Zimbabwe: Case Report.

“…The incidence of conjoined twins is quoted to be between 1:50 000 to 1:100 000 pregnancies 1 . About 60% die in-utero or are stillborn, making the incidence of those born alive nearer 1:200 000.…”

Ischiopagus tetrapus conjoined twin with Gastroschisis

“…A recent European study shows an incidence of parasitic twinning of 0.02 per 100,000 million births. 9 Omphalopagus (union between the thorax of one twin and umbilicus of the other twin) is the most frequent variant in parasitic twinning. The ischiopagus variety is rarer in which the twins are joined at the pelvis.…”

A Very Rare Form of Conjoined Twinning: Diprosopus Twins Diagnosed in the First Trimester of Pregnancy by Transvaginal Ultrasonography

“…One study from Spain showed that the frequency of conjoined twins among stillborns was 99 times higher than that observed among live births. 5 Most of the conjoined twins are born prematurely, 40% are stillborn, and 35% survive only one day. 5 Postnatal separation can be achieved in rare cases.…”

“…5 Most of the conjoined twins are born prematurely, 40% are stillborn, and 35% survive only one day. 5 Postnatal separation can be achieved in rare cases. Survival chances and mode of delivery depend on the degree of fusion of the organs.…”

“…4 Therapeutic termination before 24 weeks of pregnancy can be offered following the early diagnosis of inseparable twins with severe conjoined anomalies. 5 However, if there are no associated anomalies, and if surgical separation is feasible as assessed by antenatal detailed ultrasonography and other methods such as MRI, then the parents may choose the continuation of pregnancy. In that case, the prognosis will be good in an experienced center with proper preparation and operation.…”