Enzyme Immobilization Technologies and Industrial Applications

Abstract

Enzymes play vital roles in diverse industrial sectors and are essential components of many industrial products. Immobilized enzymes possess higher resistance to environmental changes and can be recovered/recycled easily when compared to the free forms. The primary benefit of immobilization is protecting the enzymes from the harsh environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, extreme pH values, etc.). The immobilized enzymes can be utilized in various large-scale industries, e.g., medical, food, detergent, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, besides being used in water treatment plants. According to the required application, a suitable enzyme immobilization technique and suitable carrier materials are chosen. Enzyme immobilization techniques involve covalent binding, encapsulation, entrapment, adsorption, etc. This review mainly covers enzyme immobilization by various techniques and their usage in different industrial applications starting from 1992 until 2022. It also focuses on the multiscale operation of immobilized enzymes to maximize yields of certain products. Lastly, the severe consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on global enzyme production is briefly discussed.

An Exploratory Study of Hydrochar as a Matrix for Biotechnological Applications

“…The concentration of BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, A2153) was measured by the 280 nm optical density compared to an eight-point calibration line that showed linearity up to 4 mg/mL. The protein content of the enzyme powder was measured by the Lowry–Hartree method against standard solutions of BSA . The dissolved β-glucosidase concentration was measured as specified for BSA.…”

“…The literature considers physical adsorption as a more promising technique for easing implementation and reducing harmfulness toward the tertiary protein configuration. Therefore, it is always worthwhile to experimentally evaluate the performance of heterogeneous biocatalysts prepared via adsorption. , An HC produced from the proper lignocellulosic waste could meet all of the requirements. Detailed studies of the interaction between aqueous protein solutions and carbonaceous porous materials are available. , The authors consider that HC should deserve an analogous in-depth analysis.…”

“…Therefore, it is always worthwhile to experimentally evaluate the performance of heterogeneous biocatalysts prepared via adsorption. 33,34 An HC produced from the proper lignocellulosic waste could meet all of the requirements. Detailed studies of the interaction between aqueous protein solutions and carbonaceous porous materials are available.…”

Laccase Immobilization Using Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review

“…Various traditional enzyme support has been employed by researchers including silica‐based compounds, metal nanoparticles, and crystalline material. [ 132 ] Unfortunately, non‐polymeric solid supports have limited applications. For example, covalent grafting of laccase enzyme onto metal support is insufficient to present long‐lasting bonding.…”

“…For example, covalent grafting of laccase enzyme onto metal support is insufficient to present long‐lasting bonding. [ 132 ] On the other hand, polymers show various structural, chemical, hydrophilic, and mechanical characteristics, which consequently contribute to their versatile tool for laccase immobilization. [ 133 ] Due to this versatility, macromolecular cross‐linking agent, such as starch, could be used to enhance laccase immobilization onto a metallic support.…”