Environment, Health Concerns Force Shift In Use Of Organic Solvents

Kirschner, Elisabeth

doi:10.1021/cen-v072n025.p013

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Under the Toxics Release Inventory 33-50 program, EPA called for voluntary reductions of emission of PCE and 16 other chemicals. Target reductions were 33% by 1992, and 50% by 1995, relative to 1988 usage rates (Kirschner, 1994).…”

Section: History Of Usementioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1--Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene

Doherty

2000

Environmental Forensics

233

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Carbon tetrachloride (CTC), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) were four of the most widely used cleaning and degreasing solvents in the United States. These compounds were also used in a wide variety of other applications. The history of the production and use of these four compounds is linked to the development and growth of the United States' synthetic organic chemical industry, and historical events that aected the development and use of chlorinated solvents in general. Part 1 of this article includes a discussion of the historical background common to each of the four solvents, followed by discussion on the history of CTC and PCE. In the early years of the 20th century, CTC became the ®rst of the four solvents to come into widespread use. CTC was used as a replacement for petroleum distillates in the dry-cleaning industry, but was later replaced by PCE. In the 1990s, CTC was phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to its role in stratospheric ozone depletion.# 2000 AEHS

show abstract

Section: History Of Usementioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, improvements in drycleaning equipment and vapor recovery systems greatly increased the eciency of PCE use over the following decades. One 55-gallon drum of PCE cleaned about 500 pounds of clothing in 1959 (Seiler, 1960), about 8000 pounds of clothing in 1975, and about 16,000 pounds of clothing in 1993 (Kirschner, 1994).…”

Section: History Of Usementioning

confidence: 99%

A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1--Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene

Doherty

2000

Environmental Forensics

233

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Following this study, the role of over-irradiation in developing the harmful effects in terms of both power and time on biopolymer production was focused (Sosnik et al, 2010). If the reaction is carried out under non-isothermal conditions, high rate of monomer degradation could be observed within six minutes (Kirschner, 1994;Ebner et al, 2011). …”

Section: Polymer Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Assisted Reactions in Organic Chemistry: A Review of Recent Advances

Jacob¹

2012

IJC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Revolution in organic compound synthesis has been promoted by microwave assisted organic syntheses (MAOS) by which small molecules are built up into large polymers in a fraction of time. The need for different organic compound libraries for drug discovery, biomaterial development, automated library screening; proteomics etc has supported the emergence of innovative technologies for rapid combinatorial organic synthesis using MAOS synthesis. In previous reviews on this subject the focus of MAOS has been on the process of MAOS reactions rather than the importance given to the related applications. This review focuses on solid-phase synthesis, biopolymer synthesis, applications in proteomics, parallel processing in microwave reactors and automated library generation by means of sequential microwave irradiation methods. This article has discussed the different applications of Microwave assisted synthesis of organic polymeric compounds most thoroughly by focusing on aspects of speed, reproducibility and scalability. From this review it is clearly identified that independent on the type of organic material, data consistently points out to MW as a novel and powerful tool which has enable synthesis of a number of new compounds and presents the need for future research in this area.

show abstract

“…TCE also saw increased use as a feedstock for chloro¯uorocarbon (CFC) replacements such as HFC-134a. The increase in TCE use is demonstrated in part by Dow Chemical's 1994 conversion of its 220 million pound per year TCA plant in Stade, Germany to TCE production (Kirschner, 1994). Although production data are not available from the United States International Trade Commission, United States consumption of TCE reportedly rose approximately 10% per year between 1993 and 1996 (Leder, 1999).…”

Section: ±1960mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appeal of TCA was that it oered excellent solvency for greases, oils, tars, waxes and many other organic materials, but was signi®cantly less toxic than the chemicals it replaced. A chemical industry spokesman called TCA``by far the most used, easiest, and ecient cleaning solvent'' (Kirschner, 1994). A list of TCA manufacturers and their approximate periods of production is shown in Table 4.…”

Section: 11-trichloroethane (Tca)mentioning

confidence: 99%