“…The current target of implementing mathematics education emphasizes the importance of developing understanding/understanding skills and critical, creative, and productive thinking skills, especially for prospective secondary school teachers. In line with that, several national reports in various countries have shown that instructional design to stimulate thought processes and problem-solving and generate complex solutions is urgently needed (Halpern, 2013;King et al, 2003;Moseley et al, 2005;Rif'at & Fitriawan, 2020;Wallbank, n.d.;Zohar et al, 2001) so that students can adapt to any changes (Halpern, 2013), acquire new knowledge more quickly and be able to face the complexities of real problems in life (Conklin, 2012;King et al, 2003;Sumar & Sumar, 2020). This will be achieved if students at the primary and secondary levels begin to be fostered or trained to develop such a mindset.…”