Enhancement of Salmonellosis and Emergence of Secondary Infection in Mice Exposed to Cold

Abstract

The LD50 dose for mice of Salmonella typhimurium, strain RIA, is 4.1 X 105 for animals individually housed without bedding and maintained at 25 C. It is 3.8 X 103 for animals similarly housed but kept at 5 C. An intravenous injection of 0.1 ml of Proferrin 2 hr

Unstressing intemperate models: how cold stress undermines mouse modeling

“…Studies dating back at least to the 1940s indicate that ambient temperature profoundly alters the course of infection in diverse rodent models. In models of bacterial ( Salmonella typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumonia , and Rickettsia typhi ), viral (influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and rabies virus), and protozoal ( Trypanosoma cruzi ) infection, ambient temperature directly correlates with host responsiveness—lower temperatures leading to impaired immune responses (Moragues and Pinkerton, 1944; Miraglia and Berry, 1962; Previte and Berry, 1962; Underwood et al, 1966; Amrein, 1967; Baetjer, 1968; Previte et al, 1970; Won and Ross, 1971; Bell and Moore, 1974; Jiang et al, 2000; Rice et al, 2005). These effects can be dramatic: in experimental murine typhus, weather-associated changes in ambient laboratory temperature (from 29.4–36.6 to 18.3–22.8°C) shifted mortality rates from 9 to 100% (Moragues and Pinkerton, 1944).…”

Temporal Variation in Humoral and Cell‐Mediated Immune Response in a Sigmodon Hispidus Population

“…Adrenocortical function has been linked to changes in population density and susceptibility to infection in small mammals (Andrews et al 1972, Geller and Christian 1982, McLean 1982 and is the basis of the lactational deficiency hypothesis (Christian andLeMunyan 1958, Smolen andKeller 1979). Behavioral interactions (Clarke 1953, Vessey 1964, Kelley 1985, nutritional deficiencies (Chandra and New berne 1977), climate (Miraglia andBerry 1962, Kelley et al 1982), and a variety of other environmental stressors have also been implicated in the regulation of immunocompetence of laboratory animals, which directly influ-ences survival. Additionally, we now know that immune responsiveness and disease resistance vary considerably within a species and are controlled by the Ir system of immune response genes (Banacerraf and McDevitt 1972, Klein 1972, Cramer et al 1978, Blanden 1986, Figueroa et al 1986).…”

Possible Source of Secondary Invading Staphylococci in Mice Exposed to Acute Cold

“…The animals and housing conditions employed have been reported elsewhere (Previte and Berry, 1962). Stool cultures were made as described (Miraglia and Berry, 1962) in an effort to focus upon the source of the secondary invading organism. Tissues cultured at the termination of each experiment consisted of heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and liver.…”

“…It was reported earlier (Miraglia and Berry, 1962) that CF1 female mice, maintained at 5 C, experience invasion of deep tissues by coagulasenegative staphylococci. The incidence of this secondary involvement could be increased in a predictable manner by first infecting the animals with graded doses of Salmonella typhimurium strain RIA (avirulent).…”