Enhanced Performance of E-Bike Motive Power Lead–Acid Batteries with Graphene as an Additive to the Active Mass

Abstract

The effects of both graphene nanoplatelets and reduced graphene oxide as additives to the negative active material in valve-regulated lead–acid batteries for electric bikes were investigated. Low-temperature performance, charge acceptance, cycle performance, and water loss were investigated. The test results show that the low-temperature performance, charge acceptance, and large-current discharge performance of the batteries with graphene additives were significantly improved compared to the control battery, and the cycle life under 100% depth of discharge condition was extended by more than 52% from 250 to 380 cycles. Meanwhile, the amount of water loss from the batteries with graphene changed only slightly compared with the control cells. The excellent performance of the batteries can be ascribed to the graphene promoting the negative-plate charge and discharge processes and suppressing the growth of lead sulfate crystals.

N-Doped Graphene Oxide as Additive for Fumed Silica Based Gel Electrolyte of Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

“…6). 64 Indeed, the highest diffusion rate was observed in the fumed silica based gelled electrolyte consisting of 0.4 wt% N-GrOP (Table I). Tafel polarization curves of the fumed silica based gelled electrolyte with and without N-GrOP can be seen Fig.…”

“…When the N-GrOP was added into the fumed silica based gelled electrolyte, the conductivity of the gel electrolyte increased, and resistance of the solid electrolyte interface tend to decrease. [64][65][66][67] Here, hydrolyzed species of N-GrOP combined with hydrolyzed fumed silica to form as a gel structure, the resistance of gel electrolyte and lead interface decreased. Hence, electrocatalytic effect on the surface resistance let to shift the oxidation and reduction potentials of lead to more anodic potentials (Figs.…”

Effect of sucrose-based carbon foams as negative electrode additive on the performance of lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

“…A smaller I D /I G value indicates a higher degree of graphitization in the carbon material [ 31 , 32 ]. The D band at 1350 cm −1 of the CF material is related to disordered defects in carbon while the G band at 1581 cm −1 is associated with the degree of graphitization [ 33 ]. The I D /I G of CF (0.406) is lower than that of AC powder (0.931), indicating a higher degree of graphitization of CF.…”

EIS and Electrical Investigations on (1D) Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as NAM Additive for Automotive Lead-Acid Battery

“…Therefore, the addition of nanomaterials like MWCNTs in the negative electrodes promotes electron transfer and accelerates the charging process which benefits the charge/discharge cycling process. Hence, using carbon nanomaterials in the active material retards the growth and deactivation of PbSO4 to improve the utilization of active material in deep discharge applications [18]. According to the surface morphology from Figure 8 (a) and (b), it is evident that the CB negative electrodes consisted of large PbSO4 particles and the negative plate with MWCNTs has small PbSO4 particles, which are easy to reduce even after 125 charging/discharging cycles.…”