Enhanced mechanical, thermal and biocompatible nature of dual component electrospun nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Traditionally, in the Asian continent, oils are a widely accepted choice for alleviating bone-related disorders. The design of scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) is of great significance in bone tissue engineering. In this study, a multicomponent polyurethane (PU), canola oil (CO) and neem oil (NO) scaffold was developed using the electrospinning technique. The fabricated nanofibers were subjected to various physicochemical and biological testing to validate its suitability for bone tissue engineering. Morphological analysis of the multicomponent scaffold showed a reduction in fiber diameter (PU/CO—853 ± 141.27 nm and PU/CO/NO—633 ± 137.54 nm) compared to PU (890 ± 116.911 nm). The existence of CO and NO in PU matrix was confirmed by an infrared spectrum (IR) with the formation of hydrogen bond. PU/CO displayed a mean contact angle of 108.7° ± 0.58 while the PU/CO/NO exhibited hydrophilic nature with an angle of 62.33° ± 2.52. The developed multicomponent also exhibited higher thermal stability and increased mechanical strength compared to the pristine PU. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis depicted lower surface roughness for the nanocomposites (PU/CO—389 nm and PU/CO/NO—323 nm) than the pristine PU (576 nm). Blood compatibility investigation displayed the anticoagulant nature of the composites. Cytocompatibility studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the developed composites with human fibroblast cells (HDF) cells. The newly developed porous PU nanocomposite scaffold comprising CO and NO may serve as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering.

Synthesis of PLA/SBA-15 Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Forces are essentially transferred away from highly stressed regions that suffer from decreased resilience. This is why our scaffolding experiences ultimate deformations stains ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 mm/mm as the amount of SBA-15 increases, allowing to produce a biocomposite with excellent mechanical properties that agree with some other reports 6,8,14,44,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] .…”

“…At days 3, 5, and 7, the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% continue showing the highest cell viability in comparison with the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% and with 0.15% that showed low cell viability, as showed in Figure 10. This high values of cell viability of the PLA/ SBA-15 with 0.05% indicate that this composite scaffold was more favorable for cell-material interactions in the first 24 h where the topographical surface could be an important key for the proliferation of osteoblasts because cellular adhesion constitutes the previous requirement of biocompatibility of the material and then favored the proliferation of the cells, coinciding with several reports indicating that it was crucial to incorporate nanosized ceramic components in engineered scaffolds to stimulate cell biocompatibility and to improve the ability of the composite to guide osteoprogenitor cells leading to new bone formation 6,[67][68][69] . Figure 11 showed the cell-material interaction and morphology of hFOB onto the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% fiber composite analyzed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy.…”

“…The construction of an ideal scaffold must not only be able to mimic the structure of the ECM but also the matrices need to possess an adequate mechanical property for bone regeneration because the regeneration process is affected by mechanical force and stress distribution favoring or inhibiting the differentiation of cells. Evaluation of the elastic modulus, the maximum stress, the yield point, the resilience, and the toughness could allow producing mechanical properties that meet the requirements of the scaffold to be suitable for clinical applications 6,[56][57][58] .…”

“…In the last years, in bone tissue engineering field, numerous efforts to create the ideal bone ECM analog structure, beginning from flat monocomponent to 2D fibers made of synthetic polymers (i.e., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polystyrene, polyurethane, etc. ), due to their unique properties -i.e., high surface area to volume ratio, fully fluid and molecular transport-that enhanced cellular interactions, protein adsorption and facilitating good biocompatibility, in order to mimic the complex organization of fibrillary interphase of the native bone tissues [3][4][5][6] .…”

Recent Advances in Electrospun Sustainable Composites for Biomedical, Environmental, Energy, and Packaging Applications

“…Biologically, electrospinning has been used for wound dressings and for sustained-release drug materials to maintain a stable release of drugs and avoid the harmful effects of overdosing [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Simultaneously, electrospun materials have also been applied to the field of tissue engineering to replace damaged tissue and repair the function of native tissue, including soft bone, vascular, and nerve tissues [27][28][29][30][31][32]. Meanwhile, the rapid development of nanotechnology has also provided new sustainable applications for electrospun Int.…”