Engineered Osteochondral Grafts Using Biphasic Composite Solid Free-Form Fabricated Scaffolds

Abstract

lage often necessitate surgical intervention after injury or degenerative disease. [1][2][3][4][5] However, current therapies such as osteochondral grafting, chondroplasty, and prosthetic joint replacement have only partial or temporary success due to inadequate donor tissue availability, donor site morbidity, the risk of infection, abrasion of the cartilage surface, loosening of implants, and limited dura-bility of prosthetics. [6][7][8] Tissue-engineering approaches have the potential to overcome the lack of donor tissue and to create a graft that contains biologically and mechanically functional tissue. A variety of tissue-engineering techniques have been developed to regenerate bone and cartilage. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] These studies have illustrated that engineered cartilage must integrate with the host tissue, provide a smooth and natural articulating surface, and bear functional mechanical loads. In attempts to satisfy these requirements, investigators have used a variety of

Lubrication of the Temporomandibular Joint

“…99,100 The largest contributions, thus far, have come from the groups of Hollister 50,[72][73][74]135,136,180 and Mao. 2-4 Hollister and colleagues have developed a solid free-form fabrication (SFF) method for producing patient-specific condyle-shaped scaffolds based on CT and/or MRI, allowing for precise control over overall shape, internal architecture, pore size, porosity, permeability, and mechanical integrity.…”

“…Their in vivo studies have collectively demonstrated substantial bone ingrowth and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) formation. 73,135,136,180 Mao's group has taken another approach, encapsulating marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel to create stratified bone and cartilage layers in the shape of a human condyle. After 12 weeks in vivo, it was shown that collagen type II and GAGs were localized in the chondrogenic layer, and osteopontin, osteonectin, and collagen type I were localized in the osteogenic layer.…”

Bioactive Stratified Polymer Ceramic-Hydrogel Scaffold for Integrative Osteochondral Repair

“…Several groups have reported on the development of tissue engineered osteochondral grafts [3][4][5][6]17,21,[23][24][25]27,33,34,39,57,59,[70][71][72][73][74][75]78,79,83 that have demonstrated significant potential. Most of these osteochondral grafts use a stratified scaffold design that facilitates the development of both cartilaginous and bony regions.…”

One‐Step Immobilization of Protein‐Encapsulated Core/Shell Particles onto Nanofibers

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Specifically, techniques to functionalize nanofibers have been issued with development of tissue engineering to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). [9] For example, polyesters, which have been widely used as a biodegradable scaffold material, have been electrospun by coaxial or emulsion electrospinning for encapsulating bioactive materials. [2,[10][11][12][13][14] The release mechanism of bioactive materials encapsulated in polyesters is closely related to degradation rate and porosity.…”