Energy efficiency in California laboratory-type facilities

Mills, Evan; Bell, Geoffrey; Sartor, Dale

doi:10.2172/409878

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…According to an earlier study [3] , an estimate of cleanroom electricity intensity for the energy use for cooling and fan energy ranged from 159 kWh/ft 2 . Derived from the data in the study, fan power use for cleanrooms of ISO Classes 3, 4, 5 is the most electricity intensive, and collectively accounts for approximately 80% of the fan power use for cleanrooms of all classes in California.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Cleanroom Environmental Systems

2003

Journal of the IEST

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents in-situ measurement results for energy and environmental performance of thirteen cleanroom systems located in the USA, including key metrics for evaluating cleanroom air system performance and overall electric power intensity. Comparisons with the IEST Recommended Practice (IEST-RP-CC012.1) are made to examine the performance of cleanroom air systems. Based upon the results, the paper discusses likely opportunities for improving cleanroom energy efficiency while maintaining effective contamination control. The paper concludes that there are wide variations in energy performance of cleanroom environmental systems, and that performance benchmarking can serve as a vehicle to identify energy efficient cleanroom design practices and to highlight important issues in cleanroom operation and maintenance.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Cleanroom Environmental Systems

2003

Journal of the IEST

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, two photon polymerization can potentially be set up in a conventional clinical environment (e.g., an outpatient medical office) for fabrication of patient-specific drug delivery devices that conform to a given patient's anatomy and medical condition. On the other hand, many conventional microneedle fabrication techniques require the use of clean room facilities; the energy consumption of clean room facilities may run as high as 10,200 kW/m 2 [86]. Finally, the two photon polymerization processing rate is suitable for scaling up to high-rate commercial manufacturing.…”

Section: How the Technology Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon polymerization of microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

Gittard

Ovsianikov

Chichkov

et al. 2010

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Importance of the field-Microneedles are small-scale devices that are finding use for transdermal delivery of protein-based pharmacologic agents and nucleic acid-based pharmacologic agents; however, microneedles prepared using conventional microelectronics-based technologies have several shortcomings, which have limited translation of these devices into widespread clinical use.Areas covered in this review-Two photon polymerization is a laser-based rapid prototyping technique that has been recently used for direct fabrication of hollow microneedles with a wide variety of geometries. In addition, an indirect rapid prototyping method that involves two photon polymerization and polydimethyl siloxane micromolding has been used for fabrication of solid microneedles with exceptional mechanical properties.What the reader will gain-In this review, the use of two photon polymerization for fabricating in-plane and out-of-plane hollow microneedle arrays is described. The use of two photon polymerization-micromolding for fabrication of solid microneedles is also reviewed. In addition, fabrication of microneedles with antimicrobial properties is discussed; antimicrobial microneedles may reduce the risk of infection associated with formation of channels through the stratum corneum.Take home message-It is anticipated that the use of two photon polymerization as well as two photon polymerization-micromolding for fabrication of microneedles and other microstructured drug delivery devices will increase over the coming years. Declaration of interestThe authors state no conflicts of interest and have received no payment in the preparation of this manuscript. NIH Public Access Overview of the MarketNucleic acid-and protein-based pharmacologic agents are finding greater use in the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and other chronic medical conditions. Oral, sublingual, or rectal delivery are the most appealing routes of administration due to the fact that doses can be administered by the patient. In addition, no painful or complicated techniques are necessary [1]. Unfortunately, many nucleic acid-and protein-based pharmacologic agents cannot be administered in enteral form due to pH driven molecular degradation or first-pass metabolism by the liver [2]. Transdermal patches have found increasing use in recent years for delivery of hormones (e.g., estrogen), analgesic agents (e.g., fentanyl), as well as various other pharmacologic agents; however, charged, polar, or large pharmacological agents cannot be delivered using transdermal patches because these agents cannot pass through an intact stratum corneum [3][4][5]. The stratum corneum is the outermost 15 µm thick layer of the epidermis, which contains nonviable keratinized cells and serves as a barrier to pharmacologic agent transport [6]. Transport of pharmacologic agents through the stratum corneum may be enhanced through the use of chemical penetration enhancers, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis; however, these techniques have not seen widespread clin...

show abstract

“…Source: Mills et al 1996 Table 5-3 lists the SIC codes of a variety of industry segments that use cleanrooms. Although typically associated with semiconductor manufacturing, cleanrooms are currently used in connection with hundreds of products or processes.…”

Section: Overview Of Cleanroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total estimated floorspace for cleanrooms in 2000 was 24.6 million square feet (as shown in the figure) with an expected growth of more than 10 percent annually (McIlvane Co 1996). As of the early 1990s, Texas had the largest stock of cleanroom space, followed by California (Mills et al 1996). For the electronics manufacturing segment, California was the lead state, exceeding the second state (New York) in floorspace by a factor of two.…”

Section: Overview Of Cleanroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy used by the equipment in cleanrooms varies widely depending on the activities and processes involved. Figure 5-2 identifies HVAC electricity consumption by cleanroom market segment based on Mills et al (1996). As the figure indicates, semiconductors and related industries account for twothirds of all cleanroom HVAC electricity consumption.…”

Section: Cleanroom Energy Usementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Scoping study on trends in the economic value of electricity reliability to the U.S. economy

Eto¹,

Koomey²,

Lehman³

et al. 2001

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the past three years, working with more than 150 organizations representing public and private stakeholders, EPRI has developed the Electricity Technology Roadmap. The Roadmap identifies several major strategic challenges that must be successfully addressed to ensure a sustainable future in which electricity continues to play an important role in economic growth. Articulation of these anticipated trends and challenges requires a detailed understanding of the role and importance of reliable electricity in different sectors of the economy. This report is intended to contribute to that understanding by analyzing key aspects of trends in the economic value of electricity reliability in the U.S. economy.We first present a review of recent literature on electricity reliability costs. Next, we describe three distinct end-use approaches for tracking trends in reliability needs: 1) an analysis of the electricity-use requirements of office equipment in different commercial sectors; 2) an examination of the use of aggregate statistical indicators of industrial electricity use and economic activity to identify high reliability-requirement customer market segments; and 3) a case study of cleanrooms, which is a cross-cutting market segment known to have high reliability requirements. Finally, we present insurance industry perspectives on electricity reliability as an example of a financial tool for addressing customers' reliability needs.iv

show abstract

Energy efficiency in California laboratory-type facilities

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Performance Evaluation of Cleanroom Environmental Systems

Performance Evaluation of Cleanroom Environmental Systems

Two-photon polymerization of microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

Scoping study on trends in the economic value of electricity reliability to the U.S. economy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About