Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

Hopkins, Mark; Blundell, John

doi:10.1042/cs20160006

Cited by 148 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Food intake plays a key role in body energetics and is one of the most commonly modulated parameters used to counteract obesity related problems, despite being a complex system [1,2]. In humans, the homoeostatic control of appetite is often conceptualized through a series of physiological processes that initiate and terminate feeding (i.e., satiation), and those which suppress inter-meal hunger (i.e., satiety).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Conditions for Optimal Inhibition of Food Intake in Rats by a Grape-Seed Derived Proanthocyanidin Extract

et al. 2016

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Food intake depends on homeostatic and non-homeostatic factors. In order to use grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE) as food intake limiting agents, it is important to define the key characteristics of their bioactivity within this complex function. We treated rats with acute and chronic treatments of GSPE at different doses to identify the importance of eating patterns and GSPE dose and the mechanistic aspects of GSPE. GSPE-induced food intake inhibition must be reproduced under non-stressful conditions and with a stable and synchronized feeding pattern. A minimum dose of around 350 mg GSPE/kg body weight (BW) is needed. GSPE components act by activating the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor because their effect is blocked by Exendin 9-39. GSPE in turn acts on the hypothalamic center of food intake control probably because of increased GLP-1 production in the intestine. To conclude, GSPE inhibits food intake through GLP-1 signaling, but it needs to be dosed under optimal conditions to exert this effect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Conditions for Optimal Inhibition of Food Intake in Rats by a Grape-Seed Derived Proanthocyanidin Extract

et al. 2016

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“…The process unleashed by physical inactivity and inadequate feeding, over time, causes changes in body composition that lead to the development of diseases and comorbidities associated with them [6,9,29,30]. In this way, the excess of fat, dyslipidemias and insulin resistance can promote the accumulation of fat in the liver, known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [4,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In first, the adequacy of energy balance, from positive to negative, as described in previous studies [9,33,44,45]. In second, restructuring of the energy composition ingested inhibits the storage of lipids in the liver [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Metabolic Reduction: Phototherapy in Association with Aerobic Plus Resistance Training In Obese Man - A Pilot Study

Aquino¹,

Carbinatto²,

Moriyama³

et al. 2017

J Obes Weight Loss Ther

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The excessive body fat, one of the results of obesity, brings with it comorbidities such as lipid changes, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this controlled and randomized pilot study, as a non-pharmacological and non-invasive strategy, we consider two groups during 8 weeks: the use of moderate intensity physical exercise and nutritional education, as control group (n=10) and moderate intensity physical exercise, nutritional education and phototherapy (n=10), as phototherapy group. The used phototherapy parameters were: laser Ga-Al-As, wavelength 808 nm, continuous mode, output power 100 mW, and total energy delivery 92.16 J. Selected patients were men with age between 20 and 40 years old, primary obesity, body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 34.9 kg/m 2 . The special device as described in the text was applied, allocated in the anterior region and posterior region of body during 5 minutes each side, totalizing 10 minutes of application of light, always at the end after session of exercise. Comparing the control group in relation to the phototherapy group, the better results were obtained for the phototherapy group, with statistical difference in all anthropometric variables, such as the increase of 3.54% (p<0.007) in total skeletal muscle mass; as well as, 2.77% (p<0.005) in the basal metabolic rate body; 5.47% (p<0.04) for metabolic progress; reduction of 4.67% (p<0.007) for body mass and reduction was also observed for total body fat, total trunk fat and visceral fat of which the phototherapy group showed the following reduction percentages: 14.3% (p<0.01), 14.7% (p<0.005) and 16.4% (p<0.03), respectively. A significant improvement was also observed in all the biochemical parameters and enzymatic analyzed, such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, the basal insulin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase. Therefore the proposed treatment in this work suggests that the association of physical exercise, the nutritional education and phototherapy applied in obese men for two months caused great improvement in all anthropometric parameters, as well as, in all biochemistry and enzymatic parameters indicating that phototherapy is a potential instrument in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, being able to reverse the degree of steatosis in 8 weeks, besides it can be a new non-invasive treatment to obesity and its comorbidities.

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“…The total RNA was traneffects. Obesity is an epidemic health problem all over the world (4,19). The maintained balance between energy consumption and energy intake is one of most important factor for normal body weight.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

<b>Fish protein hydrolysate exhibits anti-obesity activity and reduces hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA expressions in </b><b>rats </b>

et al. 2017

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Fish protein is a source of animal protein that is consumed worldwide. Although it has been reported that the intake of Alaska pollack protein (APP) reduces body fat accumulation and increases muscle weight in rats, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. As a possibility, peptides released from APP in the gastrointestinal tract are important to the functions of APP. In the present study, we examined the effects of APP hydrolysate digested artificially with pepsin and pancreatin on white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. We found that APP hydrolysate group shows significantly lower weight of white adipose tissue and higher weight of soleus muscle than the control group. We also found that APP hydrolysate group reduces food intake and mRNA expressions of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein in the hypothalamus compared with the control group. These results may imply that APP hydrolysate exhibits anti-obesity activity by the reduction of appetite and the enhancement of basal energy expenditure by skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. The downregulation of orexigenic gene by APP hydrolysate in the hypothalamus may contribute to the reduction of appetite. These results suggest that the effect of APP on anti-obesity and muscle hypertrophy may be induced by peptides released from APP in the gastrointestinal tract.Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) protein (APP), consumed worldwide is included in foods such as imitation crab, fish cakes, fish sausage, and so on. Recently, we reported that APP intake for 4 weeks enhanced basal energy expenditure by muscle hypertrophy and reduced serum triacylglycerol and body fat accumulation in rats (14). It also has been reported that APP decreases visceral fat accumulation, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia in animals and human (5,7,8,10,18,20). Since obesity and hypertriglyceridemia are related to coronary heart disease (2), the anti-obesity, muscle hypertrophy, and hypotriglyceridaemia with APP may be effective in the prevention. However, little is known about the active substances and the metabolism of fish protein. As a possibility, peptides released from APP in gastrointestinal tract may induce the anti-obesity, muscle hypertrophy, and hypotriglyceridaemia of APP.In the present study, we examined if fish protein hydrolysate digested artificially with pepsin and pancreatin affects white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle weights in rats, compared to the control. As a result, we found that APP hydrolysate exhibited anti-obesity and hypertrophy effects, suggesting that peptides or amino acids released from APP in the gastrointestinal tract have an important role to these

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Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

Cited by 148 publications

References 124 publications

Defining Conditions for Optimal Inhibition of Food Intake in Rats by a Grape-Seed Derived Proanthocyanidin Extract

Defining Conditions for Optimal Inhibition of Food Intake in Rats by a Grape-Seed Derived Proanthocyanidin Extract

Regression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Metabolic Reduction: Phototherapy in Association with Aerobic Plus Resistance Training In Obese Man - A Pilot Study

<b>Fish protein hydrolysate exhibits anti-obesity activity and reduces hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA expressions in </b><b>rats </b>

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