Endurance Exercise Training Attenuates the up Regulation of iNOS in the Skeletal Muscles of Chronic/Progressive Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. PD complications include muscle weakness and fatigue, these complications lead in part to decrease the endurance of PD patients. Strength of skeletal muscles has a major role in ADL performance, which is one of the challenges that PD patients have. The main goals of this study are to study the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the skeletal muscles of PD and to examine the effect of treadmill exercise training on iNOS expression in these skeletal muscles.

Apoptotic Mediators are Upregulated in the Skeletal Muscle of Chronic/Progressive Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

“…These previous reports are consistent with our results that reveal p53 upregulation in the gastrocnemius muscle subsequent to PD induction (De La Monte et al, 1998;Chung and Ng, 2006;Mogi et al, 2007;Da Costa et al, 2009). We have demonstrated increased levels of iNOS in the PD gastrocnemius muscle (Erekat et al, 2013). iNOS has been shown to play a critical role in mediating apoptosis (Satake et al, 2000;Song et al, 2000;Van't Hof et al, 2000;Wu et al, 2002;Sennlaub et al, 2002).…”

“…iNOS inhibition genetically and/or pharmacologically, indeed, results in the reduction of the ongoing apoptosis (Heneka et al, 1999;Imamura et al, 2002;Miyazawa et al, 2003;Kiang et al, 2008). Thus, it can be concluded that p53 overexpression in the gastrocnemius muscle might be resulting from the increased iNOS expression shown in our previous study (Erekat et al, 2013). To our knowledge, these are the first data to demonstrate the PD-induced alterations in p53 expression in gastrocnemius muscle.…”

Interleukin-1 Beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Upregulation and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation in Skeletal Muscle from a Mouse Model of Chronic/Progressive Parkinson Disease

“…Increased iNOS expression has been demonstrated in PD gastrocnemius muscle from MPTP/p-treated mice [31]. The skeletal muscles of patients and animals with chronic heart failure (CHF) have shown elevated levels of IL-1β and iNOS [38–42].…”

Cerebellar Upregulation of Cell Surface Death Receptor–Mediated Apoptotic Factors in Harmaline-Induced Tremor: An Immunohistochemistry Study

“…Previously described protocols were used to perform the immunohistochemistry for calbindin, TNF-α, and active caspase-8. 8,9,18,[23][24][25][26][27] Briefly, the 4-µm-thick sections were processed via immunohistochemistry using an antibody to TNF-α (ab6671, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and an antibody to active caspase-8 (sc-5263, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Subsequent to their deparaffinization and rehydration, the sections were processed for antigen retrieval.…”