Endocrinologic Control to the Development and Activity of the Human Sebaceous Gland

Pochi, Peter E.; Strauss, John S.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12676783

Cited by 268 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Androgen is normally considered the major regulator of human hair growth with paradoxically different effects on hair follicles depending on their body site. For instance, androgens incrementally stimulate the size of hair follicles on the face and trunk but not in other portions of the body [7,39]. In addition, several studies demonstrated the correlation between androgen and hair growth, especially alopecia [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, non-pathological human sweat glands and their neoplasms may share similar characteristics with mammary glands and its tumors in terms of influence by sex steroids. Sex steroids have been implicated in the development of acne in puberty [5][6][7][8], moisturizing of skin or epidermis in women [9][10][11][12] and others. In addition, previous studies demonstrated that some skin appendage tumors were positive for sex steroid hormone receptors [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors in Human Skin Appendage and its Neoplasms

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Sex steroids have been postulated to influence pathophysiology of human skin through various skin appendages. The presence of sex steroid receptors has been also reported in adnexal tumors but its details still remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, we immunolocalized sex steroid receptor protein (estrogen receptor (ER)a, ERb, progesterone receptor (PR)A, PRB and androgen receptor (AR)) in 23 cases of non-pathological skin (male: 10, female: 13) and in 50 cases of skin adnexal tumors (male 24, female 26; 38 benign and 12 malignant). ERa immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in basal cells of sebaceous glands of non-pathological skin. AR and PRB immunoreactivity was detected in both differentiated and basal cells of sebaceous gland. AR and ERb immunoreactivity was also detected in sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands but not in outer root sheath of hair follicles. In sebaceous gland neoplasms, the number of ERa positive cases was significantly lower in skin appendage neoplasms than non-pathological skin. ERb immunoreactivity was not detected in any of sebaceous gland neoplasms examined. There were no significant differences in PRA, PRB and AR immunoreactivity between non-pathological sebaceous gland and its neoplasm. In sweat gland neoplasms, the number of AR positive cases was significantly lower in benign neoplasms than their non-pathological counterpart. Therefore sex steroids are considered to play important roles in regulation of non-pathological skin appendage function and pathogenesis and/or development of its neoplasm. In addition, the status of the great majority of sex steroid hormone receptors was maintained throughout the process of neoplastic transformation of skin appendages, except for AR and ERa in sweat and sebaceous gland neoplasms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors in Human Skin Appendage and its Neoplasms

et al. 2005

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“…These results indicate that androgens are actively synthesized and/or metabolized in differentiated sebocytes via various enzymes in human sebaceous glands. Levels of sebum secretion have been reported to be higher in males than in females after puberty mainly because of the increased blood concentration of androgens in males (Pochi & Strauss 1974). In addition, activation of PPARg, one of the key induction factors of adipocyte differentiation, has been reported to increase sebum secretion in human skin (Trivedi et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This age period seems to correspond with the development of secondary sex characteristics and the initiation of sex steroid synthesis in adrenal glands and gonads, which influence sebum secretion (Pochi & Strauss 1974). Both testosterone and estradiol (E 2 ) have been reported to increase and decrease sebum secretion respectively (Pochi & Strauss 1974). Consistently, androgen receptor (AR) blockers have been reported to decrease sebum secretion (Makrantonaki & Zouboulis 2007, George et al 2008, resulting in the clinical improvement of acne.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…More than 60% of adolescents who are 16-20 years old suffer from acne in all ethnic groups but the correlation between ethnicity and acne has not been elucidated (Ghodsi et al 2009, Perkins et al 2011, Bhate & Williams 2013. This age period seems to correspond with the development of secondary sex characteristics and the initiation of sex steroid synthesis in adrenal glands and gonads, which influence sebum secretion (Pochi & Strauss 1974). Both testosterone and estradiol (E 2 ) have been reported to increase and decrease sebum secretion respectively (Pochi & Strauss 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human sebaceous glands

Inoue¹,

Miki²,

Kakuo³

et al. 2014

Journal of Endocrinology

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Androgens are well known to influence sebum synthesis and secretion. Various factors related to androgen biosynthesis are expressed in human sebaceous glands. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis of human skin specimens from 43 subjects indicated that various androgen-producing and -metabolizing enzymes were functionally localized to sebocytes accumulating lipid droplets and that the exclusive expression of 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17b-HSD2 (HSD17B2)) in sebaceous glands was negatively correlated with that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg (PPARG)), which also significantly changed in an age-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that the changes of 17b-HSD2 expression in human immortalized sebocytes (SZ95) influenced the expressions of sebogenesis-related factors. In addition, the overexpression of 17b-HSD2 in SZ95 significantly increased the androstenedione production and markedly decreased the amounts of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone when DHEA was added externally. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, which is well known to induce sebum secretion and the onset and/or aggravation of acne, was increased by the addition of testosterone in the presence of IGF1 in hamster sebocytes. These results all indicated that local androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in human sebaceous glands could play a pivotal role in sebum synthesis and secretion.

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