Endemic foot and mouth disease: pastoral in-herd disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa

Mclachlan, IanM.; Marion, Glenn; McKendrick, Iain J.; Porphyre, Thibaud; Handel, Ian; Bronsvoort, Barend M. deC.

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53658-5

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…FMD outbreaks in endemic regions can be expected to follow a cyclical pattern, depending on control strategies, of approximately 3–7 years with consecutive annual outbreaks most likely due to different serotypes (Aman et al., 2020; Gallego et al., 2007; McLachlan et al., 2019). Currently, serotypes O and A are known to be circulating in Laos with typed outbreaks reported in 2018 (OIE, 2020); Asia1 has not been detected in South East Asia since 2007 (Blacksell et al., 2019; Brito et al., 2017; King et al., 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

MacPhillamy

Young

Earp

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is one of the most important of global livestock diseases, impacting even‐toed ungulates and distributed mostly in less developed countries that are home to 75% of the human population. A progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP‐FMD) was developed to assist countries to better manage FMD risks and progress towards control and eradication. This requires evidence of current FMD seroprevalence to enable the informed risk assessment and the disease control planning required to progress along the initial stages of the PCP‐FMD. Despite Laos being an active member of the South East Asia and China FMD campaign, these data have been challenging to obtain. To address this gap, a cross‐sectional seroprevalence study in nine northern Lao provinces was conducted in early 2019. The study sampled 602 large ruminants and 19 goats from 30 villages. Overall, the large ruminant seroprevalence was 43.7% (95% CI 39.7–47.8), and 90% of sampled villages had at least one seropositive animal. Large ruminants suspected of having had clinical FMD in their lifetime were found to have an increased risk of being seropositive (odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.06–3.65, p = .03). An examination of current reporting behaviours of farmers, village veterinary workers and district and provincial officials found that individuals were using their discretion as to whether disease events required reporting along the chain of command. This, plus the lack of a computerized reporting system, contributed to a loss of historical data, potentially compromising progression on the PCP‐FMD. Laos requires ongoing support from donor agencies to improve the current animal disease surveillance system and implement effective FMD control strategies that can enable progress on the PCP‐FMD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

MacPhillamy

Young

Earp

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…In addition, herd immunity due to a recent previous outbreak may decrease the risk of a subsequent outbreak, particularly from a similar strain of the virus as the outbreaks in 2016 and previous year were from the same serotype (Serotype O). A previous study also indicated that the risk of further outbreaks of the past outbreak herd was reduced due to individual immune [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Sansamur

Arjkumpa

Charoenpanyanet

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: One hundred and 40 dairy farms that experienced foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks and 307 farms without FMD outbreaks were investigated in this research study. Relevant farm owners were interviewed in order to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with the FMD outbreaks. We established that the risk factors for FMD outbreaks were (1) purchasing a new cow without following quarantine protocol, (2) FMD vaccination administration by non-official livestock personnel, (3) farms located within a 5 km radius of cattle abattoirs, (4) farms located near shared cattle grazing areas in a 10 km radius and (5) no history of FMD outbreaks in the previous year. Most of the risk factors were related to indirect transmissions of FMD and biosecurity practices, thus we have advised dairy farmers to strengthen management practices associated with FMD prevention protocols.Abstract: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is considered a highly contagious transboundary disease of cloven-hoofed animals. FMD has become endemic to northern Thailand over the past decade. In 2016, FMD outbreaks were recorded in three districts in Chiang Mai Province. The objective of this study was to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks. This study was conducted via a face-to-face interview questionnaire survey at 140 FMD outbreak farms and 307 control farms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between potential risk factors and FMD outbreaks. The final logistic regression model identified factors associated with FMD outbreaks including the purchasing of a new cow without following quarantine protocol (odds ratio = 2.41, 95%CI = 1.45, 4.05), farms located near shared cattle grazing areas in a 10 km radius (OR = 1.83, 95%CI =1.11, 3.02), FMD vaccination administration by non-official livestock personnel (OR = 2.52, 95%CI = 1.39, 4.58), farms located in a 5 km radius of cattle abattoirs (OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 0.99, 3.40) and no history of FMD outbreaks over the previous 12 months in districts where farms were located (OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.22, 0.86). The risk factors identified in this study were related to farm biosecurity, FMD vaccination administration and distance from the farms to risk areas. Therefore, it was important to strengthen on-farm biosecurity and to improve farm management practices in order to reduce incidences of FMD at the farm level. Education or training programs for dairy farmers that would enhance knowledge and practices in relation to the assessed topics are needed.

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“…modelling FMD in epidemic settings (Björnham et al, 2020;Ferguson et al, 2001;Hayama et al, 2013;Kao, 2002;Keeling, 2001;Schley et al, 2009;Tildesley et al, 2008;Wada et al, 2017); however, relatively few studies have looked at FMD in endemic settings (Kim et al, 2016;McLachlan et al, 2019;Pomeroy et al, 2017;Ringa et al, 2014;Schnell et al, 2019). Of these, only…”

Section: Parameter Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model exploration of carrier and movement transmission as potential explanatory causes for the persistence of foot‐and‐mouth disease in endemic regions

Guyver‐Fletcher

Gorsich

Tildesley

2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is a virulent and economically important disease of livestock, still endemic in many areas of Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Transmission from persistently infected livestock, also known as carriers, has been proposed as a mechanism to support the persistence of FMD in endemic regions. However, whether carrier livestock can infect susceptible animals is controversial; recovered virus is infectious and there are claims of field transmission, but it remains undemonstrated experimentally. Alternate hypotheses for persistence include the movement of livestock within and between regions, and fomite contamination of the environment. Using a stochastic compartmental ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, we investigate the minimum rates of carrier transmission necessary to contribute to the maintenance of FMD in a region, and compare this to the alternate mechanism of persistence through cattle shipments. We find that carrier transmission can theoretically support persistence even at transmission rates much lower than the highest realistic rates previously proposed, and that the parameters with the most effect on the feasibility of carrier‐mediated persistence are the average duration of both the carrier phase and natural immunity. However, shipment‐mediated persistence remains a viable alternate mechanism for persistence without carrier transmission.

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Endemic foot and mouth disease: pastoral in-herd disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

Determination of Risk Factors Associated with Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Farms in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

A model exploration of carrier and movement transmission as potential explanatory causes for the persistence of foot‐and‐mouth disease in endemic regions

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