Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

MacPhillamy, Isabel; Young, Jim; Earp, Francesca; Khounsy, Syseng; Windsor, Peter; Toribio, Jenny-Ann; Bush, R. D.

doi:10.1111/tbed.14031

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We believe the strong increase of observed clinical FMD in the last years was an apparent consequence of this accelerated virus exposure. Our speculation of the increased FMD virus circulation in Lao PDR is also supported by other studies published recently (MacPhillamy et al., 2022; Siengsanan‐Lamont et al., 2021). Before the start of vaccination in 2016, the incidence of clinical FMD peaked during 2012–2014 in Champasak and 2014–2015 in Savannakhet province.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Impact of risk‐based partial vaccination on clinical incidence and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Lao PDR

Han

Subharat

Wada

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) and it causes economic loss to smallholder husbandry systems. An intervention programme based on a risk‐based partial vaccination strategy was implemented in three provinces of Lao PDR (Champasak, Savannakhet and Xiangkhouang) to immunise domestic cattle and buffalo during 2016–2020. Two cross‐sectional surveys were conducted in 2016/17 and 2020 to evaluate the impact of the vaccination programme on the prevalence of FMD virus exposure and clinical incidence of the disease. A total of 212 villages were visited during the two surveys, collecting 1609 household‐level questionnaire results and 5931 blood samples of domestic cattle and buffalo. Blood samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to the non‐structural proteins of FMD virus, and seroprevalence of 42.5 and 47.5% in 2016/17 and 2020, respectively were found. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that the efficacy of the FMD vaccination programme for reducing FMD virus circulation varied by province. In general, the incidence of clinical FMD increased toward the end of the 5‐year intervention period, coinciding with a reduction of vaccine coverage in the last 2 years of the period. The findings suggest that the risk‐based vaccination strategy achieved a marginally protective effect against the circulation of FMD virus with the possible limiting factors being operational constraints of public veterinary services, lack of farmers’ compliance and unsustainable funding. We conclude that consistent resource availability and higher vaccination coverage is required to successfully control FMD with a risk‐based vaccination strategy in Lao PDR.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Our speculation of the increased FMD virus circulation in Lao PDR is also supported by other studies published recently (MacPhillamy et al, 2022;Siengsanan-Lamont et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Impact of risk‐based partial vaccination on clinical incidence and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Lao PDR

Han

Subharat

Wada

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…The overall FMD NSP seroprevalence in large ruminants detected in our study (54.6%) was higher than those of the abattoir surveillance conducted in 2019 (41.6%, n = 683 [ 18 ]), the survey in nine northern provinces in March 2019 (43.7%, n = 602 [ 43 ]) and another survey in three provinces in 2018 (43.0%, n = 684 [ 44 ]). The FMD NSP ELISA test only detects antibodies produced by natural infection or a less likely case of repeated vaccination, or if animals have received an unpurified vaccine [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants

et al. 2022

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A national animal disease surveillance network initiated by the Lao PDR government is adopted and reinforced by a joint research project between the National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), the Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF), and the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). The network is strengthened by staff training and practical exercises and is utilised to provide zoonotic or high-impact disease information on a national scale. Between January and December 2020, large ruminant samples are collected monthly from 18 abattoirs, one in each province, by provincial and district agriculture and forestry officers. The surveillance network collected a total of 4247 serum samples (1316 buffaloes and 2931 cattle) over this period. Samples are tested for antibodies against Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein (FMD NSP) using commercial ELISA kits and the Rose Bengal test. Seroprevalences of Q fever and brucellosis in large ruminants are low at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 2.1) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5, 1.0) respectively, while for FMD NSP it is 50.5% (95% CI: 49.0, 52.0). Univariate analyses show differences in seroprevalences of Q fever between destination (abattoir) province (p-value = 0.005), province of origin (p-value = 0.005), animal type (buffalo or cattle) (p-value = 0.0008), and collection month (p-value = 3.4 × 10−6). Similar to Q fever, seroprevalences of brucellosis were significantly different for destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), animal type (p-value = 9.9 × 10−5) and collection month (p-value < 0.00001), plus body condition score (p-value = 0.003), and age (p-value = 0.007). Additionally, risk factors of the FMD NSP dataset include the destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), sex (p-value = 7.97 × 10−8), age (p-value = 0.009), collection date (p-value < 0.00001), and collection month (p-value < 0.00001). Spatial analyses revealed that there is no spatial correlation of FMD NSP seropositive animals. High-risk areas for Q fever and brucellosis are identified by spatial analyses. Further investigation of the higher risk areas would provide a better epidemiological understanding of both diseases in Lao PDR. In conclusion, the abattoir serological survey provides useful information about disease exposure and potential risk factors. The network is a good base for field and laboratory staff training in practical technical skills. However, the sustainability of such a surveillance activity is relatively low without an external source of funding, given the operational costs and insufficient government budget. The cost-effectiveness of the abattoir survey could be increased by targeting hotspot areas, reducing fixed costs, and extending the focus to cover more diseases.

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“…FMD control is a significant challenge in Lao PDR as the country shares borders with other FMD‐endemic countries. In addition, lack of animal health and diagnostic capacity as well as inefficient disease reporting, lack of disease and biosecurity knowledge among smallholders and traders and limited vaccine supply and uptake creates further challenges for FMD control (MacPhillamy et al., 2022; Xaydalasouk et al., 2020). Moving animals across borders and between villages within the country increase FMD transmission risk, particularly in the subclinical phase of FMD when animals may be shedding virus without showing clinical signs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock movement patterns in the main livestock production provinces of Lao PDR

Subharat

Wada

Sutar

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that is endemic and affects the livelihood of smallholder farmers in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Knowledge about livestock movement patterns is important for preventing the spread of FMD between villages. This study describes the livestock movement patterns in Champasak, Savannakhet and Xiangkhouang provinces of Lao PDR. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with randomly selected villagers (n = 195) and traders (n = 169) in 115 villages between February and March 2019. Livestock owners commonly purchased (mainly breeding) animals from other smallholders (81%) and sold (mainly slaughter) animals to traders (76%) or other smallholders (16%), typically within the same district and province. The median inter‐village trade distance was 20–30 km, with an average frequency of 4 trades per village per month. Traders purchased animals from smallholders (71%) and middlemen (25%) located within their district. It was common for many traders (74%) to retain animals at their property before selling, typically a median of 4 beef cattle per trader. Local trades within the district were far more common (72%) than distant trades. The movements of grazing/fattening large ruminants between villages were reported in 30% of the villages in all three provinces and occurred mostly within the same district or province in short distance (6 km). Social Network Analysis has identified animal movement hubs in the three provinces which could be targeted for FMD control and surveillance. Movements of animals for further use (fattening/ reproduction), long‐distance movements and frequent local movements described in this area have important implications for FMD circulation. The findings from the study will inform FMD spread simulation models for Lao PDR. The knowledge gained from these data will also help the Lao PDR authorities understand the patterns of animal movements associated with disease spread.

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Foot‐and‐mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Impact of risk‐based partial vaccination on clinical incidence and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Lao PDR

Impact of risk‐based partial vaccination on clinical incidence and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Lao PDR

Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants

Livestock movement patterns in the main livestock production provinces of Lao PDR

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