Empirical tests of a model of determinants of script-based driving choice

Gärling, Tommy; Fujii, Satoshi; Boe, Ole

doi:10.1016/s1369-8478(01)00016-x

Cited by 160 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since it is the higher-cost strategies that are often the focus of public policy, the nature of individuals' responses to congestion further worsens this gap, adopting lower-cost strategies first before moving to higher-cost ones (Arentze et al, 2004;Loukopoulos et al, 2004;Raney et al, 2000). Individuals' travel-related attitudes, predispositions, and prior choices also greatly impact their reaction to the policies (Gärling et al, 2001;Tertoolen et al, 1997). Therefore, for policy makers and planners, understanding the determinants of the adoption and consideration of travel-related strategies may contribute to improved predictions of the impacts of proposed policies and the design of more effective policies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters

Cao

Mokhtarian

2005

Transport Policy

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This study operationalizes the conceptual analysis presented in a companion paper, to examine the effects of objective and subjective variables on the consideration of 16 travel-related strategies reflecting a range of individuals' potential reactions to congestion. Using 1283 commuting respondents to a 1998 survey conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area, binary logit models were developed for the consideration of each individual strategy. The proportion of information explained by these models ranges from 0.18 to 0.63. It was found that the consideration of travel-related strategies is affected not only by the amounts of travel that individuals actually do, but also by their subjective assessments, desires and affinities with respect to travel, as well as their travel attitudes, personality and lifestyle. The previous adoption of these strategies greatly affects their current consideration, demonstrating an effect of past experience. Mobility constraints and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics exhibit distributional effects with respect to the options individuals consider. These findings imply that policies designed to alleviate congestion may be less effective than expected, because individuals' responses to the travel-related strategies analyzed here-many of them directly tied to public policies intended to reduce vehicle travel-are influenced by a large variety of qualitative and experiential variables that are seldom measured and incorporated into demand models. Therefore, understanding the role of such variables will improve our ability to design effective policies and to accurately forecast the response to policy interventions as well as natural trends. q

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters

Cao

Mokhtarian

2005

Transport Policy

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“…A segunda fase se forma a partir da consolidação desse roteiro de escolha pela constante repetição, tornando-se acessível rapidamente na memória a partir dos estímulos situacionais. Gärling et al, (2001) sugerem, portanto, que a formação do hábito de usar automóvel foi consequência, inicialmente, da atitude positiva em relação ao ato de dirigir e, posteriormente, da consolidação dessas sucessivas escolhas em uma estrutura de conhecimento na memória (script). Assim, uma vez que esse script de usar o automóvel foi consolidado, as escolhas posteriores tenderam a ocorrer de maneira mais automática: o hábito havia se formado.…”

Section: Por Que Devemos Estudar O Hábito? Conceito E Medidas Psicolóunclassified

Hábito: Por que Devemos Estudá-lo e o que Podemos Fazer?

Cristo

Günther

2015

Psico

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RESUMONeste artigo, o hábito é apresentado como um conceito útil para tornar duradouros os comportamentos em prol do meio ambiente (e.g., usar transporte público). O hábito é um comportamento aprendido que, após ser repetido várias vezes, tornou-se automático, isto é, com pouca ou nenhuma deliberação do indivíduo. Alivia o esforço cognitivo do indivíduo de ponderar sempre os prós e contras das mais diversas situações. São comportamentos estáveis e difíceis de romper. Esta revisão aborda a formação e a manutenção do hábito, assim como são apresentadas quatro medidas psicológicas existentes. Ao final, discutem-se possíveis intervenções, utilizando-se o transporte como exemplo. As intervenções visam a incentivar a construção de novos hábitos que protegem o meio ambiente e a minimizar a força de hábitos antigos indesejados. Neste cenário, o hábito ganha relevância e pode ser mais uma ferramenta para enfrentar os desafios relativos à promoção de comportamentos ambientais relevantes. ABSTRACT Habit: Why Should We Study It and what Can We Do?In this article, the habit is introduced as a useful concept to make lasting pro-environmental behaviors (e.g., performing selective garbage collection, saving water and using public transportation). Habit is a learned behavior which, after being repeated several times, has become automatic, i.e., with little or no deliberation by an individual. It relieves the cognitive effort of an individual to always weigh the pros and cons of different situations. They are stable and hard-to-break behaviors. This review addresses the formation and maintenance of the habit, as well as presents four existing psychological measures. Finally, possible interventions are discussed, using transportation as an example. Interventions aim to encourage the formation of new habits that protect the environment and minimize the force of old unwanted habits. In this scenario, the habit gains relevance and can be one more tool to address the challenges related to the promotion of relevant environmentally-friendly behaviors.Keywords: Habit; Automatism; Pro-environmental behavior; Travel behavior; Psychological measure. RESUMEN Hábito: ¿Por qué Estudiarlo y lo que Podemos Hacer?En este artículo, el hábito se presenta como un concepto útil para realizar comportamientos proambientales duraderos (e.g., llevar a cabo la recogida selectiva, ahorrar agua y utilizar el transporte público). El hábito es un comportamiento aprendido que , después de ser repetida varias veces, se ha convertido en automático, i.e, con poca o ninguna deliberación por el individuo. Alivia el esfuerzo cognitivo de la persona que sopesar siempre los pros y los contras de las diferentes situaciones. Los comportamientos son estables y difíciles de romper. Esta revisión se refiere a la formación y mantenimiento del hábito, así como se presentan cuatro medidas psicológicas existentes. Finalmente, se discuten las posibles intervenciones , usando el transporte como un ejemplo. Las intervenciones dirigidas a fomentar la construcción de nuevos hábito...

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“…Long-distance travel is more meticulously planned than any , 1997). It has also been demonstrated how easily a car-use habit is developed and generalized across situational contexts (Gärling et al, 2001). Car travel frequently has multiple purposes at multiple destinations.…”

Section: Responses To Tdm Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Private Car Use in Response to Travel Demand Management

Gärling¹

2005

Traffic and Transport Psychology

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In times when reduction and changes in private car use is on the political agenda in urban areas, there is a need to better understand and forecast the process of change in car use. Traditional conceptualizations of travel choice in equilibrium may be insufficient to this end and need to be complemented. An alternative theoretical framework is therefore proposed based on goal setting and self-regulation theory in social psychology with the aim of analyzing responses to travel demand management (TDM) measures targeting reduced or changed car use. Such measures are assumed to lead to that car users set car-use reduction or change goals followed by planning of how to implement and implementing changes in car use to reach the goals. It is hypothesized that choices among change options are made sequentially according to a satisficing principle of minimizing psychological costs. As implied by an operationalization of this hypothesis, the result of a survey indicate that choices of mode switching correlate the strongest with the size of the car-use reduction goal, activity/trip suppression the next strongest, and efficient car use (trip chaining, car pooling, and choice of closer destinations) the weakest. The results of two additional followup surveys show that choice of number and frequency of adaptation alternatives as expected increase with the size of the car-use reduction or change goal. Taken together the results also suggested, however, that costs and effectiveness of adaptation alternatives may vary with trip purpose, the particular travel demand management measure, and household characteristics. Further research needs to incorporate such factors.

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Empirical tests of a model of determinants of script-based driving choice

Cited by 160 publications

References 12 publications

How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters

How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters

Hábito: Por que Devemos Estudá-lo e o que Podemos Fazer?

Changes of Private Car Use in Response to Travel Demand Management

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