RESUMO -Diante da falta de diálogo entre pesquisadores qualitativos e quantitativos, este artigo adota uma posição "ecumênica". Argumenta que ambas as abordagens têm suas vantagens, desvantagens, pontos positivos e pontos negativos, considerando que o método escolhido deve se adequar à pergunta de uma determinada pesquisa. O trabalho apresenta algumas diferenciações entre a pesquisa qualitativa e a pesquisa quantitativa. Em seguida, aponta a complexidade da pesquisa qualitativa em termos de pressupostos, coleta, transcrição e análise de dados. Discutimos, também, critérios de qualidade para a pesquisa qualitativa. Concluimos com considerações sobre as conseqüências para a pesquisa, ao se optar pela pesquisa qualitativa e/ou pela pesquisa quantitativa.Palavras-chave: pesquisa qualitativa; pesquisa quantitativa; abordagem multi-metodológica; triangulação. Qualitative Research Versus Quantitative Research:Is that Really the Question?ABSTRACT -Given the lack of dialogue between qualitative and quantitative researchers, this article assumes an "ecumenical" position. The text argues that both perspectives present advantages, disadvantages, positive and negative points, considering that the chosen method must be adequate to the question of a certain research. The paper presents some distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research. Next it points out the complexity of qualitative research in terms of its underlying assumptions, as well as data collection, transcription and analysis. Next, quality criteria for qualitative research are considered. The paper closes with a discussion of implications for research when choosing qualitative research and/or quantitative research.
ResumoPartindo de uma reflexão sobre a multiplicidade disciplinar, teórica, metodológica e terminológica e utilizando uma analogia com o modelo multivariado da correlação canônica, propõe-se o rótulo Estudos Pessoa-Ambiente para englobar as diferentes sub-áreas disciplinares e temáticas que lidam com as relações recíprocas pessoa-espaço físico. Segue uma discussão de quatro conceitos do espaço (espaço pessoal, territorialidade, apinhamento e privacidade) e sua relação com mobilidade. Após algumas considerações sobre affordance sugere-se o elo mobilidade-affordance como elemento molecular da relação recíproca pessoa-espaço físico no cerne dos estudos pessoa-ambiente.Palavras-chave: espaço; mobilidade; affordance; estudos pessoa-ambiente; psicologia ambiental Abstract Mobility and affordance as the core of Person-Environment Studies.Starting with a reflection on the disciplinary, theoretical, methodological and terminological multiplicity, and using the analogy of the multivariate model of the canonical correlation, the use of the label Person-Environment Studies is justified. This is followed by a discussion of four spatial concepts (personal space, territoriality, crowding and privacy) and their relationship to mobility. After some comments about affordance, it is suggested that the mobility-affordance link constitutes the molecular element of the reciprocal person-physical space relationship at the core of the Person-Environment Studies.
The laryngo-tracheo-oesophageal cleft is marked by a missing anatomical separation of the oesophagus and the larynx. The cleft can be restricted to the dorsal part of the larynx (type I), extend to the upper area of the trachea (type II) or involve the whole of the trachea (type III). In reviewing our three cases and 82 cases in the literature, clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of this rare condition are presented. The condition leads almost always to life-threatening disturbances in the form of asphyxia and aspiration pneumonia. The diagnosis is made through direct laryngoscopy. Radiological demonstration of swallowing and tracheo-oesophagoscopy are necessary additional investigations. In many cases further severe malformations of organs are found, i.e., oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistulae. Despite early detection the prognosis remains unfavourable with a mortality of 46%. With few exceptions, an early operative correction of the defect is required. Access to the dorsal laryngeal area is achieved usually by a lateral pharyngotomy. Difficulties arise in securing adequate closure of the dorsal larynx, because of lack of sufficient tissue material. Despite secure closure of the laryngo-tracheo-oesophageal cleft, disturbances of swallowing often persist. Development of speech is not impaired.
Endovascular treatment is an established therapy for thoracic aortic disease. Collapse of the endograft is a potentially fatal complication. We reviewed 16 patients with a thoracic endograft between 2001 and 2006. Medical records of the treated patients were studied. Data collected include age, gender, diagnosis, indication for endoluminal treatment, type of endograft, and time of follow up. All patients (n = 16; mean age, 61 years; range, 21-82 years) underwent computed tomography (CT) for location of the lesion and planning of the intervention. Time of follow-up with CT scan ranged from 1 to 61 months. Indications for endovascular treatment were degenerative aneurysm (n = 7; 44%), aortic dissection (n = 2; 12%), perforated aortic ulcer (n = 4; 25%), and traumatic aortic injury (n = 3; 19%). Three patients suffered from a collapse of the endograft (one patient distal, two patients proximal) between 3 and 8 days after endovascular treatment. These patients were younger (mean age, 37 +/- 25 years vs. 67 +/- 16 years; P < 0.05) and showed more oversizing (proximal, 36 +/- 19.8% vs. 29 +/- 20.7% [P > 0.05]; distal, 45 +/- 23.5% vs. 38 +/- 21.7% [P > 0.05]). Proximal collapse was corrected by placing a bare stent. In conclusion, risk factors for stent-graft collapse are a small lumen of the aorta and a small radius of the aortic arch curvature (young patients), as well as oversizing, which is an important risk factor and is described for different types of endografts and protheses (Gore TAG and Cook Zenith). Dilatation of the collapsed stent-graft is not sufficient. Following therapy implantation of a second stent or surgery is necessary in patients with a proximal endograft collapse. Distal endograft collapse can possibly be treated conservatively under close follow-up.
Concerning thermomechanically induced failures, such as metal line deformation and passivation cracks, there is a practicable way to achieve the zero-defect limit of plasticencapsulated power devices. This limit can be reached by evaluating the influence of the major components involved and, consequently, by selecting the appropriate materials and measures. On the other hand, the interdependence between all components must always be kept in mind, i.e., chip and package have to be regarded as an entity. An important finding was that applying simply one improvement step will not necessarily lead to the desired goal. Only the implementation of all improvement steps considering their interdependence is the key for the perfect overall system chip and package. In Part I of this series of papers, the yield stress of the power metallization is shown to play a crucial role for the generation of metal deformation and passivation cracks. Understanding the ratcheting mechanism led to the development of a new layered metallization material with a distinctly increased yield stress, resulting in a considerably reduced failure generation.
ResumoExplorou-se neste estudo quais os lugares preferidos e não preferidos por 562 jovens (292 F e 270 M), com idades entre 13 e 19 anos (média = 15 anos e 7 meses e desvio padrão = 1 ano e 1 mês), freqüentando a primeira série do ensino médio, sendo 274 de escolas públicas e 288 de escolas particulares. Dentre os participantes 39,5% moram no Plano Piloto de Brasília e 60,5% em Cidades Satélites do DF. Em casas, moram 341, em apartamento, 215. Os resultados mostram que o lugar favorito mais freqüentemente mencionado foi a própria casa, indicado por 195 (35,3%) dos respondentes, seguido por Shopping (n = 108; 19,6%) e bar/boate/festa (n = 103; 18,7%). O lugar que obteve maior freqüência como não sendo preferido foi bar, boate, festa, indicado por 108 (21,3%) dos participantes, seguido por escola (n = 90; 17,7%) e lugares que provocam sentimentos ruins (n = 32; 6,3%). As diferenças encontradas são discutidas em termos de gênero, tipo de escola (pública ou privada) e tipo de moradia (casa ou apartamento).Palavras-chave: lugares preferidos; identidade de lugar; adolescência; psicologia ambiental AbstractFavorite places of adolescents in the Federal District. This study explored which are the most and least favorite places among 562 adolescents (292 F e 270 M), with ages between 13 and 19 (mean age 15 yr 7 mo, s.d. 1 yr 1 mo), attending 9 th grade, with 274 respondents in public and 288 in private schools. Some 39.5%live in the central area of Brasília, 60.5% in the surrounding cities. Some 215 live in apartments, 314 in single occupancy houses. Results indicate that the most frequently mentioned favorite place was the home (n = 195, 35.3%), followed by Shopping Malls (n = 108, 19.6%) and bar/disco/parties (n = 103, 18.7%). The least favorite places were bar/disco/parties (n = 108, 21.3%), school (n = 90, 17.7%) and places that provoke negative feelings (n = 32, 6.3%). Differences are discussed in terms of gender, type of school and type of residence.Key words: favorite places; place identity; adolescence; environmental psychology A adolescência, além de fenômeno biológico caracterizado por mudanças fisiológicas e hormonais, é fenô-meno social modelado por forças culturais e históri-cas. Este processo dinâmico e recíproco entre forças do desenvolvimento e sócio-culturais, ou seja, mudanças fisioló-gicas, interesses sexuais emergentes, novos papéis sociais, mudanças de atitude frente aos adultos e dos adultos frente aos jovens força uma redefinição e reavaliação pessoal, um processo denominado de formação da identidade.Na Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, vários trabalhos hoje clássicos, acrescentaram ao termo identidade outros construtos, como pode ser exemplificado nos estudos sobre difusão e crise de identidade (Erikson, 1968(Erikson, /1972, identidade do eu e status de identidade (Marcia, 1994), ou, mais recentemente, sobre a emergência da identidade do eu (Akers, Jones & Coyl, 1998).A Psicologia Ambiental, ao discutir a ligação que as pessoas estabelecem com lugares geográficos, fez uso do conceito de identidade, a...
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