Empirical estimation of suspended solids concentration in the Indus Delta Region using Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery

Shahzad, Muhammad Imran; Meraj, Mohsin; Nazeer, Majid; Zia, Ibrahim; Inam, Asif; Mehmood, Khalid; Zafar, Hina

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.070

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Karachi is considered Pakistan's largest city, hosting about 7% of the country's population, making it the fifth largest coastal city in the world [46]. The coast of the Karachi city is about 100 km between the Gharo creek on the east and the river hub on the west, and constitutes a number of tourist beaches [43,47]. The coastline of Karachi is considered an economic hub for Pakistan as 90% of seaborne trade is carried out through two of its international ports i.e., the Port of Karachi and the Port Qasim [43] (Figure 1).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coast of the Karachi city is about 100 km between the Gharo creek on the east and the river hub on the west, and constitutes a number of tourist beaches [43,47]. The coastline of Karachi is considered an economic hub for Pakistan as 90% of seaborne trade is carried out through two of its international ports i.e., the Port of Karachi and the Port Qasim [43] (Figure 1). The elite class of Pakistan's population enjoy life along the Karachi coast, and a number of tourist spots have been developed, which has increased its residential property values [16,47].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water depth within 1 km offshore in the study area is shallow (3 m-10 m) with a maximum depth of about 10 m at Hawk's Bay. Seawater surface temperatures in the near shore water off the coast of Karachi range from 24 • C to 28 • C in summer and 20 • C to 24 • C in winter [43].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Images for the same months of different years for several decades enabled us to investigate the variability of shoreline morphology with nominal inherited measurement and positional uncertainty [15,43,58,59]. Therefore, we only selected Landsat (L2, L5, L7, and L8) and PS images that met the following conditions: (1) 0% cloud cover over the study area, (2) non-flooding months (December to April), and (3) tide height of <1 m within a time window of ±1 h of the image acquisition time.…”

Section: Satellite Data Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include four major floods and six historical cyclones, which have damaged the socio-economy of low lying areas within the Sindh coastal region [41]. The coastal belt of the Indus Delta Region is continuously changing due to physical processes such as tidal actions, waves, wind speed, sea level rise, and anthropogenic factors, for example land reclamation and modification [12,16,42,43]. Rising sea levels are contributing to the erosion of less resistant soil in the region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coastline Vulnerability Assessment through Landsat and Cubesats in a Coastal Mega City

et al. 2020

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global mean sea levels may rise from 0.43 m to 0.84 m by the end of the 21st century. This poses a significant threat to coastal cities around the world. The shoreline of Karachi (a coastal mega city located in Southern Pakistan) is vulnerable mainly due to anthropogenic activities near the coast. Therefore, the present study investigates rates and susceptibility to shoreline change using a 76-year multi-temporal dataset (1942 to 2018) through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Historical shoreline positions were extracted from the topographic sheets (1:250,000) of 1942 and 1966, the medium spatial resolution (30 m) multi-sensor Landsat images of 1976, 1990, 2002, 2011, and a high spatial resolution (3 m) Planet Scope image from 2018, along the 100 km coast of Karachi. The shoreline was divided into two zones, namely eastern (25 km) and western (29 km) zones, to track changes in development, movement, and dynamics of the shoreline position. The analysis revealed that 95% of transects drawn for the eastern zone underwent accretion (i.e., land reclamation) with a mean rate of 14 m/year indicating that the eastern zone faced rapid shoreline progression, with the highest rates due to the development of coastal areas for urban settlement. Similarly, 74% of transects drawn for the western zone experienced erosion (i.e., land loss) with a mean rate of −1.15 m/year indicating the weathering and erosion of rocky and sandy beaches by marine erosion. Among the 25 km length of the eastern zone, 94% (23.5 km) of the shoreline was found to be highly vulnerable, while the western zone showed much more stable conditions due to anthropogenic inactivity. Seasonal hydrodynamic analysis revealed approximately a 3% increase in the average wave height during the summer monsoon season and a 1% increase for the winter monsoon season during the post-land reclamation era. Coastal protection and management along the Sindh coastal zone should be adopted to defend against natural wave erosion and the government must take measures to stop illegal sea encroachments.Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 749 2 of 24 developments in coastal areas [1,2]. Therefore, shoreline indicators are used for a consistent representation of a shoreline. The most common shoreline indicators are the tidal datum (e.g., a specific elevation at the land-ocean boundary) and visually discernible features (e.g., a revetment structure, an erosion scarp, a previous high-tide high-water level, low-tide low-water level, or dune vegetation line, etc.) [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The shoreline is an indicator of the ecological health of coastal areas [3,[9][10][11]. In past decades, the development of mega-infrastructure projects in coastal areas for urbanization/industrialization has placed more stress on the coastal ecosystem and changed ocean hydrodynamics [12][13][14][15][16]. Unplanned coastal development coupled with the natural action of ocean processes has led to the increasing vulnerability of low lying coasta...

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%