Emission Factors and Energy Properties of Agro and Forest Biomass in Aspect of Sustainability of Energy Sector

Maj, Grzegorz

doi:10.3390/en11061516

Cited by 30 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…This value is high enough to be an alternative fuel to fossil fuels, especially in heat production units. Moreover, the use of biomass residues for energetic purposes contributes to the reduction of fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions that is mostly responsible for global warming and climate change [8]. This is very important taking into account that greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector represent roughly 65% of all anthropogenic emissions [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvesting and Baling of Pruned Biomass in Apple Orchards for Energy Production

Dyjakon

2018

Energies

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Pruning residues belong to the agricultural wastes generated in the agro-food processing sector, whose energetic potential can have a significant influence on the local energy market. This study is focused on the assessment of the feasibility of using apple tree pruning residues in the form of bales for energetic purposes. The research was performed in a commercial apple orchard located in the central-western part of Poland, an area characterized by the largest concentration of apple orchard in Europe. The biomass yield, pruned bales quality, energy input and output flow, as well as the economic sustainability of the pruning-to-energy strategy were evaluated. The results indicated the available collected biomass potential in an amount of 0.69 t DM ·ha −1 per year. Pruned biomass analysis showed a moisture content of 45.1% in the fresh material, the ash content was 0.8% dry mass, and the lower heating value was 18.05 MJ·kg −1 dry mass. Total production cost, including all steps and avoided cost of mulching, was 74.7 €·t −1 dry mass. Moreover, the net energy balance of this value chain was very positive, giving a value of ca. 12,000 MJ·ha −1 per year. As a result, the yearly harvested pruned biomass may be considered a good energy source for local heating systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvesting and Baling of Pruned Biomass in Apple Orchards for Energy Production

Dyjakon

2018

Energies

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“…In the case of M. × rotundifolia L., rapeseed pods were characterized by similar energy properties. M. spicata L. showed values similar to rapeseed pods [41] and peat [10], and M. crispa L. demonstrated resemblance to rapeseed pods [41]. One can notice much lower gross calorific values and net calorific values for the tested mint species in relation to oak leaves and apple leaves [49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In the case of ash content, similarities were found between M. × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.-'Bergamot' and rapeseed pods, as well as M. crispa L. in relation to wheat straw [41,51,52]. The remaining species of mint differed significantly in relation to the analyzed types of biomass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…When we compared the obtained data relating to the net calorific value and gross calorific value, similar values were observed between M. × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.-'Bergamot' and wheat straw and larch needles [41]. In the case of M. × rotundifolia L., rapeseed pods were characterized by similar energy properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the factor's emission method described in detail by Borycka [40] and Maj [41], the CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , and dust factors were determined on the basis of the ultimate analysis. The net calorific value of individual materials was used to calculate the emission factors per energy unit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Energy and Emissions Properties of Waste from Various Species of Mint in the Herbal Products Industry

et al. 2019

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The paper presents the results of research on the physicochemical properties of plant biomass consisting of four mint species, these being Mentha × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.-'Bergamot', Mentha × rotundifolia L., Mentha spicata L., and Mentha crispa L. The research conducted consisted of the technical analysis of biofuels-determining the heat of combustion and the calorific value of the material under study, and the content of ash, volatile compounds, and humidity. In addition, elemental analysis was carried out for the biomass under study by determining the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The research demonstrated that Mentha × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.-'Bergamot' had the highest energy potential with a gross calorific value of 16.96 MJ·kg −1 , and a net calorific value of 15.60 MJ·kg −1 . Among the tested materials, Mentha × rotundifolia L. had the lowest content of ash at 7.23%, nitrogen at 0.23%, and sulfur at 0.03%, and at the same time had the highest content of volatile fraction at 70.36%. When compared to hard coal, the estimated emission factors indicated a CO reduction of 29-32%, CO 2 reduction of 28-31%, NO x reduction of 40-80%, SO 2 reduction of 92-98%, and dust reduction of 45-61%, depending on the type of biomass used.Energies 2020, 13, 55 2 of 13 of harmful gas and dust emissions (CO 2 , NO, SO 2 ) [10], and reduction of mineral extraction and thus curbing environmental degradation caused by uncontrolled decomposition of unused biomass [11,12].One of the basic goals of a low-emissions economy is to reduce the flow of biodegradable waste mass within certain time limits. Reaching this objective will not be possible without the implementation and development of installations for the thermal conversion of residues from agricultural and agriculture-related production, especially in systems for managing residues in the herbal product industry [13]. Installations for the conversion of residues from the sector of agricultural, horticultural, and herbal production should ensure the possibility of fulfilling the adopted obligations to reduce biodegradable waste, and secondly, they should provide significant amounts of electricity and heat, mainly treated as energy from renewable sources [14,15]. In addition, it is still important to search for new, alternative energy sources characterized by low emission levels, including, apart from greenhouse gases, low dust emission [16,17]. Due to the growth of the herbal production sector, one can observe high potential for energy generation in the residues from herb production and, more importantly, in residues that cannot be offered on the consumer market.Poland is considered as a country with great capabilities in both the production of high-quality herbal raw materials and herbal processing. This is due to the fact that over the last decade the number of farms growing herbs in Poland has increased from 18,000 to 30,000, and plantations of herbs now cover an area of over 30,000 ha, whereas in the countries of the entire European Union, th...

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