The paper presents the possibility of managing forest and agricultural biomass for energy purposes in the aspect of environmental protection and sustainable development. The results of experimental studies of physicochemical properties of four types of plant biomass, i.e., a wheat straw, oat grains, larch needles and rapeseed pods are shown. The study consisted of determining the energy parameters in the form of gross and net calorific values of the test material. In addition, the ash and moisture content of the material was tested. Moreover, an elementary analysis for the tested materials by determining the content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen was performed. The studies have shown energy potential for the examined materials, in particular oat grains, where the gross calorific value amounted to 17.16 MJ·kg −1 , net calorific value to 15.37 MJ·kg −1 and ash content to 2.71%. Larch needles are characterised by the highest carbon content of 45.73%, oat grains by hydrogen at 6.53%, 1.53% nitrogen and sulphur 0.11%. Determined emission rates indicate a reduction of 31-41% CO, 30-39% CO 2 , 22-55% NO x , 95-97% SO 2 , 47-97% dust depending on the type of used biomass in relation to hard coal.
This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the energy potential of waste from the process of drying corn grain in the form of corn cobs, damaged grains, corn grain husks, and mixtures of starting materials. A technical and elementary analysis was performed for the biomass under investigation. The elemental composition of ash and the tendencies for slagging and boiler slagging were determined, and the emission factors were estimated based on the elemental analysis performed. The tests showed the highest calorific value among the starting materials for corn cobs (CCs) (14.94 MJ·kg−1) and for the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk (CC–CH) (13.70 MJ·kg−1). The estimated emission factors were within ranges of 38.26–63.26 kg·Mg−1 for CO, 936–1549 kg·Mg−1 for CO2, 0.85–4.32 kg·Mg−1 for NOx, 0.91–1.03 kg·Mg−1 for SO2, and 3.88–54.31 kg·Mg−1 for dust. The research showed that the creation of mixtures from starting materials leads to materials with lower potential for negative environmental impact as well as a reduced risk of slagging and fouling of biomass boilers. However, taking into account all the parameters determined for the biomass under study, the highest energy potential was characteristic for corn cobs and the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk.
Biomass is an environmentally friendly alternative energy source for the energy sector, which is more and more widely used by both individual electricity generators (distributed generation) and power engineering plants (power engineering industry) [1]. Energy produced from biomass is the least capital-intensive renewable energy source because of the optional self-contained production. 220 billion Mg of dry mass is obtained this way on an annual basis globally [2], and in Poland biomass output amounts to 15-20 million Mg of coal [3]. In the course of the biomass incineration process, i.e. conversion of the chemical energy contained in the biomass into thermal energy, CO 2 emissions are counterbalanced by the quantity of the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during growth [2,4,5]. Owing to this, there is a closed CO 2 cycle in the natural environment that is contrary to the processing of fossil fuels to generate heat, in the case of which the quantity of the carbon dioxide emitted to the natural environment (as added value) is not counterbalanced in any way. The conversion of biomass is a renewable process and thus does not cause CO 2 content to rise in the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect to increase [6][7][8].Renewable energy sources contribute to environmental protection and mitigation measures against the adverse impact of the power engineering industry based on fossil fuels [9][10][11]. Lower content of ash and lower quantity of heavy metals released into the natural environment, owing to the use of biomass, accounts for the increasing popularity of this alternative energy source [12]. Reduction of emissions of hazardous substances into the atmosphere is currently necessary and is required by different international political and economic organizations [13]. The reduction of package emissions of harmful substances necessitates the search for new ecological solutions of production of different types of energy [14,15].Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 5 (2015), 2055-2061 Original Research Diversification and Environmental Impact AbstractThis paper studies energy and environmental indicators of biomass in the form of vegetables as input resources, i.e. Virginia mallow, Miscanthus (x) giganteus, Jerusalem artichoke, prairie cordgrass, barley straw, wheat straw, rye straw, corn straw, rapeseed straw, meadow hay, and pine shavings. The study involved the measurement of physical and chemical properties, including the heat of combustion and calorific value of the input resources under consideration. It has been proven that pine shavings have the highest calorific value and that the heat of combustion amounts to 19.20 MJ⋅kg -1 for calorific value and 17.85 MJ⋅kg -1 for heat of combustion with moisture content of 7.23%. The measurement of ash content has been the one of the main aims of the study. Jerusalem artichoke has posted the highest value at 14.69%, and pine shavings the lowest at 0.85%. An eco-balance of environmental impact of respective input resources has been developed by means of the EI environmenta...
In this paper, we present a system for sequential detection of multiple gases using laser-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) method combined with a Herriot-type multi-pass cell. Concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3) are retrieved using three distributed feedback laser diodes operating at 1574.5 nm (H2S and CO2), 1651 nm (CH4), and 1531 nm (NH3). Careful adjustment of system parameters allows for H2S sensing at single parts-per-million by volume (ppmv) level with strongly reduced interference from adjacent CO2 transitions even at atmospheric pressure. System characterization in laboratory conditions is presented and the results from initial tests in real-world application are demonstrated.
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