Emission and deposition of lead from motor exhausts — II. Airborne concentration, particle size and deposition of lead near motorways

Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution

“…Rentschler (1977) showed that lead concentrations in roadside Oxalis acetosella leaves varied with rainfall. The effect of shelter belts as suggested by Heichel and Hankin (1976) would therefore be small; Little and Wiffen (1978) showed that only 2 to 4·5% of the total lead emitted along parts of the M4 motorway, near London, is deposited between 5 and 30 m of the verge. Heichel and Hankin advocated using coniferous windbreaks to act as sinks for vehicular lead emissions.…”

Exposure of Captive Wild Mammals to Heavy metals Contamination in Jodhpur Zoological Garden, Rajasthan, India

“…Soils receive potentially toxic elements from both natural and wide range of anthropogenic sources, including the weathering of primary minerals, mining, fossil fuel combustion, the metallurgical, electronic, and chemical industries, and waste disposal and automobile exhaust. Earlier studies have quantified deposition of metals in the vicinity of the highway or traffic dense area, either by measurement by dry depositions fluxes at various distances from road, or by calculating soil and vegetation concentrations and assuming that the soil acts as long term store, hence effectively integrating the deposition [27], [28]. Lead concentrations as high as 6835, 1180 and 682 ppm dry weight have been reported in soil, vegetation and invertebrates, respectively [29], [28].…”

Laboratory studies on dry deposition of submicron-size particles on coniferous foliage

“…Little and Wiffen (1978), in an estimate about the upper limit for shelter belt effectiveness (and using the largest transfer coefficients obtained in their 1977 study, without a shelter factor, estimated a 9.6% reduction over 10 m (or an x, distance of about 100 m) for absorption of submicron car exhaust particles, clearly an upper limit, but comparable when the assumptions made in this paper are substituted.…”