Emigration in 21st-Century India

Kumar, S. Krishna; Rajan, S. Irudaya

doi:10.4324/9781315662046

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…As I will show in the next section, the Indian government defines a low-wage labor migrant as someone who left high school without a diploma, thus indicating their socioeconomic marginalization. Data on religious and caste composition are limited, but indicate an increase in migrants from marginalized groups since the early 2000s (see Kumar and Rajan 2014 ), working primarily in India’s informal economy (Mosse 2018 ). In the GCC countries, migrants on temporary contract migration schemes work predominantly in low-wage sectors, such as construction or domestic work (Fernandez 2021 ).…”

Section: Contextualizing Emigration From Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy differentiation and the politics of belonging in India’s emigrant and emigration policies

Burmeister-Rudolph

2023

Citizenship Studies

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India is the largest emigrant origin country in the world. The majority of Indian emigrants work in low-wage employment in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This paper contrasts India’s policy responses directed at migrants living in the Gulf countries with policies targeted at those in the Global North. India has extended substantive rights and symbolic inclusion to Indian citizens and (descendants of) former citizens residing in the Global North. However, while it established a social protection framework for low-wage emigrants in the Gulf, these emigrants are often unable to access other substantive citizenship rights and are mostly ignored at the symbolic level. Through critical approaches to the study of diasporas and the lens of boundary work, this article analyzes how emigrant origin states (re-)define belonging through differentiated emigration and emigrant policies. It shows that the Indian state links inclusive/exclusive boundaries of (symbolic) national membership, inherent in emigration and emigrant policies, to classifications regarding emigrants’ social identities, in this case class and religion.

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Section: Contextualizing Emigration From Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy differentiation and the politics of belonging in India’s emigrant and emigration policies

Burmeister-Rudolph

2023

Citizenship Studies

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“…Moreover, the large number and high-risk nature of the problems of unskilled migrant workers in the Gulf have overtaken and dominated the emigration policy discourse in the country. The Government of India had also purposefully kept the high-skilled migrant workers in the Gulf out of the purview of its regulatory and assistance mechanisms, assuming that the high-skilled migrant workers did not need protection during their emigration, employment and stay in the destination (Kumar and Rajan, 2014). There is also no systematic monitoring and estimation of Indian high-skilled migrant workers living in the Gulf.…”

Section: Indian Labor Migration To the Gulf And Saudi Arabiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of “Nitaqat” on Indian high-skilled migration to Saudi Arabia

Potnuru

Arora

2022

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal

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“Nitaqat,” the labor market nationalization policy of Saudi Arabia, aims to increase the employment of Saudi nationals by restricting the entry of foreign workers in the country. Data from a sample survey of Indian professionals working in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Wilks’ lambda and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests. The findings from the exploratory study suggest that the Indian professionals who were laid off due to the policy are statistically significant between the sectors but not between the “Nitaqat” zones and the size of enterprises. The policy impact on new recruitments of Indian professionals is statistically significant between Nitaqat zones but not between sectors and the size of enterprises. The findings indicate that the opportunities for Indian high-skilled migration to Saudi Arabia are constrained in the construction sector and in yellow zone companies, while employment prospects remain in the banking and finance, education and IT and telecom sectors and in blue zone firms.

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“…Recently states like Goa, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh also have been sending a large number of emigrant labour and professionals (Bhagat, Keshri, & Ali, 2013). There has been also an increase in unskilled and semi-skilled labour emigration from the states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (Kumar & Irudaya Rajan, 2014). These states were also known for sending large number of indentured labour to Africa and Caribbean to work in sugar cane and plantation agriculture during the colonial rule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%