Emerging Theranostic Nanomaterials in Diabetes and Its Complications

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Oral subcutaneously administered antidiabetic drugs such as insulin, glipalamide, and metformin can temporarily balance blood sugar levels, however, long‐term administration of these therapies is associated with undesirable side effects on the kidney and liver. In addition, due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species and hyperglycemia‐induced macrovascular system damage, diabetics have an increased risk of complications. Fortunately, recent advances in nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for diabetes therapy and diagnosis. This review provides a panoramic overview of the current nanomaterials for the detection of diabetic biomarkers and diabetes treatment. Apart from diabetic sensing mechanisms and antidiabetic activities, the applications of these bioengineered nanoparticles for preventing several diabetic complications are elucidated. This review provides an overall perspective in this field, including current challenges and future trends, which may be helpful in informing the development of novel nanomaterials with new functions and properties for diabetes diagnosis and therapy.

Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids‐based delivery promotes intracellular transfer of healing peptides and accelerates diabetic would healing

“…In view of above‐mentioned micro‐environment, delivery platforms with intrinsic anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties are deemed promising candidates for reinforced effects to address diabetic wound 50,51 . Studies have indicated the antioxidant ability of DNA due to its deoxyribonucleotide nature 52,53 .…”

Responsive hydrogel-based microneedle dressing for diabetic wound healing

“…Among them, delayed wound healing and chronic wound infection are important health concerns faced by diabetic patients and improvement in their treatment is highly desired. 2–4…”

Stimuli-responsive therapeutic systems for the treatment of diabetic infected wounds

“…To date, researchers have made great efforts in the development of new therapeutic techniques. 7,22,23 For example, many functional therapeutic systems based on nanomaterials, films, and hydrogels have been developed. [24][25][26][27] Besides, to protect the bioactivity of drugs, improve the therapeutic effect and minimize the side effects of different treatment strategies, responsive therapeutic systems have been employed for the spatiotemporal control of drug delivery/activation, which exhibit excellent performance in the treatment of diabetic infected wounds.…”