Emerging Management Approach for the Adverse Events of Immunotherapy of Cancer

Abstract

Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body’s immune system, has received a considerable amount of press in recent years because of its powerful benefits. Cancer immunotherapy has shown long-term results in patients with advanced disease that are not seen with traditional chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines like interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN), and the cancer vaccine sipuleucel-T have all been licensed and approved by the FDA for the treatment of various cancers. These immunotherapy treatments boost anticancer responses by stimulating the immune system. As a result, they have the potential to cause serious, even fatal, inflammatory and immune-related side effects in one or more organs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy are two immunotherapy treatments that are increasingly being used to treat cancer. Following their widespread usage in the clinic, a wave of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) impacting virtually every system has raised concerns about their unpredictability and randomness. Despite the fact that the majority of adverse effects are minimal and should be addressed with prudence, the risk of life-threatening complications exists. Although most adverse events are small and should be treated with caution, the risk of life-threatening toxicities should not be underestimated, especially given the subtle and unusual indications that make early detection even more difficult. Treatment for these issues is difficult and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach involving not only oncologists but also other internal medicine doctors to guarantee quick diagnosis and treatment. This study’s purpose is to give a fundamental overview of immunotherapy and cancer-related side effect management strategies.

Expression Profile of MAGE-B1 Gene and Its Hypomethylation Activation in Colon Cancer

“…Any genes that were expressed in CC tissues but not in NC tissues might serve as a biomarker for early diagnosis and treatment (such as immunotherapy) of CC in the Saudi population. Immunotherapy for cancer has demonstrated long-term outcomes in individuals with advanced illness, which are not observed with the conventional treatment of chemotherapy [ 37 ].…”

Immunomodulatory Effects of Combined Ethanol Extracts of Curcuma mangga and Picria fel-terrae on Cellular- and Humoral-Mediated Immunity in Wistar Rats and Mice

“…The strong immunostimulatory effect of combined extracts of C. mangga and P. fel-terrae indicates their potential to be developed into a potent nutraceutical for the modulation of immune responses for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as immunodeficiency and cancer. Several studies have reported the adverse events of immunotherapy of biologic agents in cancer [ 37 ]. Thus, the combined extracts of the plants have great potential to be further developed into a safe and effective agent for the prevention and treatment of cancer.…”

Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance

“…Several investigations have suggested that amyloid protein buildup triggers astrogliosis; nevertheless, activated astrocytes produce an A42-immunopositive substance that changes in concentration across the cerebral cortex in AD brains depending on the severity of the disease. Although the precise method by which A42 material collects inside active astrocytes is unknown, it is thought to be owing to either phagocytosis or endocytosis [194][195][196][197][198][199] (Figures 5 and 6).…”