Emergent synchronisation properties of a refrigerator demand side management system

Kremers, Enrique; Durana, José Marı ́a González de; Barambones, Óscar

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.021

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Concerns that frequency-responsive TCLs controlled by deterministic rules will exhibit herding behaviour and create frequency oscillations have been raised in various previous works, either by predictions or examples from simulations [13,21,22,25,[30][31][32]. The simplicity of our model allows for a rigorous mathematical treatment of the stability of a population of TCLs responding according to the scheme introduced above.…”

Section: Stability Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

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A Stability Analysis of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Power System Frequency Control

Webborn

MacKay

2017

Complexity

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Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are a flexible demand resource with the potential to play a significant role in supporting electricity grid operation. We model a large number of identical TCLs acting autonomously according to a deterministic control scheme to provide frequency response as a population of coupled oscillators. We perform stability analysis to explore the danger of the TCL temperature cycles synchronising: an emergent phenomenon often found in populations of coupled oscillators and predicted in this type of demand response scheme. We take identical TCLs as it can be assumed to be the worst case. We find that the uniform equilibrium is stable and the fully synchronised periodic cycle is unstable, suggesting that synchronisation might not be as serious a danger as feared. Then detailed simulations are performed to study the effects of a population of frequency-sensitive TCLs acting under real system conditions using historic system data. The potential reduction in frequency response services required from other providers is determined, for both homogeneous and heterogeneous populations. For homogeneous populations, we find significant synchronisation, but very minimal diversity removes the synchronisation effects. In summary, we combine dynamical systems stability analysis with large-scale simulations to offer new insights into TCL switching behaviour.

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Section: Stability Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A number of simulations in the literature indicate TCL synchronisation following a frequency disturbance, for example, [13,21,22,25,[30][31][32]. As a result, various control schemes have been proposed that aim to prevent such behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stability Analysis of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Power System Frequency Control

Webborn

MacKay

2017

Complexity

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“…This paper shows the importance of desynchronizing the operation of a group of refrigerators in order to limit the payback load after the DR event that could cause severe peak power demand. The issue of synchronization is also shown in [21], where a frequency based demand side management strategy is applied to a cluster of refrigerators. [22] illustrates a strategy to manage at large scale the load of domestic refrigerators in order to reduce peak energy demand.…”

Section: Demand Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Demand side management in refrigeration applications

Arteconi¹,

Polonra²

2017

IJHT

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The refrigeration sector represents an important field of application for demand side management (DSM) strategies. For DSM are intended all those actions addressed to modify the final user's electricity consumption. Considering that refrigeration and air conditioning electricity consumption represent about 17% of the total electricity demand and taking into account the growing market of heat pumps, it is clear the central role of this sector for the implementation of management strategies on demand side. There are already several examples of feasible DSM technologies referred to refrigeration, including thermal energy storage systems, energy efficient devices or control systems by means of which the utility communicates with the final users. Purpose of this paper is to analyze the present state of the art in this field in order to categorize the applications (in terms of technology and range of temperature), list the existing implementation and provide a way to assess the potential flexibility provided to the power system. The results of this work are considered relevant to highlight the importance of refrigeration sector in such context and, thus, to boost the penetration of DSM strategies.

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“…Whilst control and protection devices on power system networks can work to minimize power fluctuations, synchronization could compromise the stability of the grid and increase network failure risks [18,19]. For small groups of domestic refrigerators, computationally demanding stochastic decentralized control has been proposed to ameliorate the effects of these power oscillations [20][21][22]. Initial studies suggested that networks of refrigerators can trigger sequential under-frequency events particularly after switching off and return to operation [23].…”

Section: The Extent Of the Challengementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Demand Side Response on a Commercial Retail Refrigeration System

et al. 2018

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The UK National Grid has placed increased emphasis on the development of Demand Side Response (DSR) tariff mechanisms to manage load at peak times. Refrigeration systems, along with HVAC, are estimated to consume 14% of the UK’s electricity and could have a significant role for DSR application. However, characterized by relatively low individual electrical loads and massive asset numbers, multiple low power refrigerators need aggregation for inclusion in these tariffs. In this paper, the impact of the Demand Side Response (DSR) control mechanisms on food retailing refrigeration systems is investigated. The experiments are conducted in a test-rig built to resemble a typical small supermarket store. The paper demonstrates how the temperature and pressure profiles of the system, the active power and the drawn current of the compressors are affected following a rapid shut down and subsequent return to normal operation as a response to a DSR event. Moreover, risks and challenges associated with primary and secondary Firm Frequency Response (FFR) mechanisms, where the load is rapidly shed at high speed in response to changes in grid frequency, is considered. For instance, measurements are included that show a significant increase in peak inrush currents of approx. 30% when the system returns to normal operation at the end of a DSR event. Consideration of how high inrush currents after a DSR event can produce voltage fluctuations of the supply and we assess risks to the local power supply system.

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Emergent synchronisation properties of a refrigerator demand side management system

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

A Stability Analysis of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Power System Frequency Control

A Stability Analysis of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Power System Frequency Control

Demand side management in refrigeration applications

Impact of Demand Side Response on a Commercial Retail Refrigeration System

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