Emergence of novel strain of Vibrio cholerae with epidemic potential in southern and eastern India

Ramamurthy, T.; Garg, Surabhi; Sharma, Renu; Bhattacharya, Sujit; Nair, G. Balakrish; Shimada, Toshio; Takeda, Tae; Karasawa, Tadahiro; Kurazano, Hisao; Pal, Amit; Takeda, Yoshifumi

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90480-5

Cited by 512 publications

(303 citation statements)

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“…V. cholerae O1 is the causative agent of pandemic cholera. V cholerae O139 (the Bengal strain) was reported as another cause of cholera (Ramamurthy et al 1993). The epidemic causing strains of V. cholerae (O1 or O139 serogroups) produce cholera toxin (CT) which is the major contributing factor for profuse diarrohea (cholera gravis) characterized by severe diarrohea with rice water stools, devastating dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of ctx gene positive non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments

Madhusudana

Surendran

2011

J Food Sci Technol

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Water and post-larvae samples from black tiger (Penaeus monodon) shrimp hatcheries; pond water, pond sediment and shrimp from aquaculture farms were screened for the presence of V. cholerae. A V. cholerae-duplex PCR method was developed by utilizing V. cholerae species specific sodB primers and ctxAB genes specific primers. Incidence of V. cholerae was not observed in shrimp hatchery samples but was noticed in aquaculture samples. The incidence of V. cholerae was higher in pond water (7.6%) than in pond sediment (5.2%). Shrimp head (3.6%) portion had relatively higher incidence than shrimp muscle (1.6%). All the V. cholerae isolates (n=42) belonged to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup, of which 7% of the V. cholerae isolates were potentially cholera-toxigenic (ctx positive). All the ctx positive V. cholerae (n=3) were isolated from the pond water. Since, cholera toxin (CT) is the major contributing factor for cholera gravis, it is proposed that the mere presence of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae need not be the biohazard criterion in cultured black tiger shrimp but only the presence of ctx carrying non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae may be considered as potential public health risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of ctx gene positive non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments

Madhusudana

Surendran

2011

J Food Sci Technol

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“…V. cholerae O1 biotype ET, which was first reported in 1905 (Politzer, 1959) initiated the seventh cholera pandemic in the early 1960s by displacing the CL biotype (Kaper et al, 1995). In 1992, a V. cholerae non-O1 serovar, designated V. cholerae O139 synonym Bengal, appeared as the cause of epidemic cholera in Bangladesh (Cholera Working Group, 1993) and India (Ramamurthy et al, 1993). V. cholerae O139 Bengal emerged by displacing V. cholerae O1 ET, an occurrence that was considered to be significant in the history of cholera.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characteristics of drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 causing endemic cholera in Dhaka, 2006–2011

Rashed

Mannan

Johura

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor (ET), causing the seventh cholera pandemic, was recently replaced in Bangladesh by an altered ET possessing ctxB of the Classical (CL) biotype, which caused the first six cholera pandemics. In the present study, V. cholerae O1 strains associated with endemic cholera in Dhaka between 2006 and 2011 were analysed for major phenotypic and genetic characteristics. Of 54 representative V. cholerae isolates tested, all were phenotypically ET and showed uniform resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and furazolidone (FR). Resistance to tetracycline (TE) and erythromycin (E) showed temporal fluctuation, varying from year to year, while all isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (CN) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Yearwise data revealed erythromycin resistance to be 33.3 % in 2006 and 11 % in 2011, while tetracycline resistance accounted for 33, 78, 0, 100 and 27 %

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“…In October 1992, a new serogroup, defined O139, caused a severe outbreak of cholera in southeast India. Within 10 months, the O139 serogroup was disseminated all over the Indian subcontinent and soon thereafter spread to 11 neighboring countries, temporarily displacing the O1 serogroups (64). Since then both serogroups coexist and are responsible for large outbreaks.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vibrio cholerae Strain Typing and Phylogeny Study Based on Simple Sequence Repeats

et al. 2007

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Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera. Its natural reservoir is the aquatic environment. To date, practical typing of V. cholerae is mainly serological and requires about 200 antisera. Simple sequence repeats (SSR), also termed VNTR (for variable number of tandem repeats), provide a source of high genomic polymorphism used in bacterial typing. Here we describe an SSR-based typing method that combines the variation in highly mutable SSR loci, with that of shorter, relatively more stable mononucleotide repeat (MNR) loci, for accurate and rapid typing of V. cholerae. Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium, is the causal agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. Its natural reservoir is the aquatic environment (49, 84). Cholera pandemics are caused by specific serogroups of V. cholerae that are pathogenic only to humans (35,84). Since 1817, V. cholerae has caused a number of pandemics. The first seven were presumed to be caused by O1 serogroup of V. cholerae (68). In October 1992, a new serogroup, defined O139, caused a severe outbreak of cholera in southeast India. Within 10 months, the O139 serogroup was disseminated all over the Indian subcontinent and soon thereafter spread to 11 neighboring countries, temporarily displacing the O1 serogroups (64). Since then both serogroups coexist and are responsible for large outbreaks. Genomic studies indicated that O139 epidemic strain arose by horizontal acquisition of unique DNA (15, 47).Traditionally, V. cholerae classification is serological and requires about 200 antisera based on the somatic O antigen (72). Isolates of V. cholerae are divided into three major subgroups: O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139, of which only the O1 and O139 serogroups are associated with cholera pandemics and epidemics. Non-O1, non-O139 serogroups are recognized as causative agents of sporadic and localized outbreaks (73). Pathogenic V. cholerae isolates carry virulence genes, such as the toxins genes ctxAB (25,65,68). The environmental V. cholerae strains from non-O1, non-O139 serogroups are a possible natural reservoir of potentially new emerging epidemic strains (67,73). This assumption is supported by the finding that some of these environmental strains harbor virulence genes (23) and thus are likely to evolve into novel pathogenic strains by horizontal gene transfer (24,25). The emergence of new pathogenic V. cholerae strains requires not only an efficient, rapid, and accurate identification tool but also a means for determining genetic relationships among environmental and clinical isolates.Genome-based bacterial identification and typing is essential for several disciplines, including taxonomy, epidemiology, determining phylogenetic relationships, and the study of evolutionary mechanisms. It allows distinguishing among strains within a species to monitor epidemics and routes of contamination. Recent advances in biotechnology have resulted in the development of numerous methods for microorganism typing that differ in their sensitivity, rapidity, complexity, discrimin...

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Emergence of novel strain of Vibrio cholerae with epidemic potential in southern and eastern India

Cited by 512 publications

References 2 publications

Detection of ctx gene positive non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments

Detection of ctx gene positive non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments

Genetic characteristics of drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 causing endemic cholera in Dhaka, 2006–2011

Vibrio cholerae Strain Typing and Phylogeny Study Based on Simple Sequence Repeats

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