Embroidered wearable antennas using conductive threads with different stitch spacings

Zhang, Shiyu; Chauraya, Alford; Whittow, William G.; Seager, Rob; Acti, Tessa; Dias, Tilak; Vardaxoglou, Yiannis

doi:10.1109/lapc.2012.6403059

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…This can lead to further challenges when the design is required to also work at higher modes where the current is in the perpendicular direction and for more complicated designs where the current flows in different directions. The effect on antenna performance caused from different stitching geometries is studied and presented in [38]. The effect of the stitch spacing on the gain and directivity was examined.…”

Section: Embroiderymentioning

confidence: 99%

Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2014

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This paper will review the evolution of wearable textile antennas over the last couple of decades. Particular emphasis will be given to the process of embroidery. This technique is advantageous for the following reasons: (i) bespoke or mass produced designs can be manufactured using digitized embroidery machines; (ii) glue is not required and (iii) the designs are aesthetic and are integrated into clothing rather than being attached to it. The embroidery technique will be compared to alternative manufacturing processes. The challenges facing the industrial and public acceptance of this technology will be assessed. Hence, the key opportunities will be highlighted.

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Section: Embroiderymentioning

confidence: 99%

Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2014

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“…The patch antenna dimensions at 5 GHz are calculated using Equations (1) to (5). According to the literature review, in most of the designed wearable and flexible antennas using fabric, material dissipation factor (loss tangent) lies within 0.005-0.02 [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The material maximum dissipation factor 0.02 is used in this unit cell analysis paper.…”

Section: Relative Permittivity Extraction For Sample Under Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All previous published reflectarrays are designed using ceramic materials, which are expensive and do not have flexibility. The textile materials are being used extensively for designing antennas for medical and wearable applications [14][15][16][17]. To use fabric as a substrate in RA, electrical properties of the used material should be known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Investigation of Different Possible Textile Unit Cell for a C-Band Portable Textile Reflectarray Using Conductive Thread

Tahseen¹,

Kishk²

2016

PIER B

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Abstract-Investigation of a unit cell in terms of reflected wave amplitude and phase, for designing linearly polarized single layer Textile-Reflectarray (TRA) at C-band, is presented. The relative dielectric constant of the material is extracted using resonance method, and a WLAN antenna is designed to verify the accuracy of extracted material parameter. An error of 5% is observed in the extracted dielectric constant, when performance of WLAN antenna is measured at WI-FI Band (2.4 GHz). The extracted dielectric constant is used in the unit cell designing for TRA at the C-band (5.8 GHz). The radiating element is made using laying technique with conductive thread. A square patch with a ring is selected after analyzing multiple geometries of the patch providing the required reflected phase range and low losses. By varying size of patch and ring of single layer unit cell in CST periodic environment, reflected phase range of 360 degrees is achieved, which is required for reflectarray (RA) designing. The solid copper ground plane at the bottom of unit cell is replaced with conductive shielded fabric with high level signal attenuation. Four different sizes of textile unit cells are fabricated using conductive thread, and the reflected phase and amplitude are measured using waveguide method. The simulated and measured results are compared when solid copper ground plane at the bottom of unit cell has been replaced with shielded fabric. The proposed method provides the first step towards designing flexible high gain textile reflectarrays.

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“…However other textiles such as wash cotton, curtain cotton, polyester, polycot, jean cotton [6], denim jeans [7], felt material [8], Tween, panama, moleskin, fleece, Perspex [9], Velcro [10], silk and nylon, are also used as a substrate materials. The textile material is low-loss, inexpensive and easily available in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and SAR Analysis of Wearable Antenna on Various Parts of Human Body, Using Conventional and Artificial Ground Planes

Ali¹,

Ullah²,

Khan³

et al. 2017

Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology

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-This paper presents design and specific absorption rate analysis of a 2.4 GHz wearable patch antenna on a conventional and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground planes, under normal and bent conditions. Wearable materials are used in the design of the antenna and EBG surfaces. A woven fabric (Zelt) is used as a conductive material and a 3 mm thicker Wash Cotton is used as a substrate. The dielectric constant and tangent loss of the substrate are 1.51 and 0.02 respectively. The volume of the proposed antenna is 113×96.4×3 mm 3 . The metamaterial surface is used as a high impedance surface which shields the body from the hazards of electromagnetic radiations to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). For on-body analysis a three layer model (containing skin, fats and muscles) of human arm is used. Antenna employing the EBG ground plane gives safe value of SAR (i.e. 1.77W/kg<2W/kg), when worn on human arm. This value is obtained using the safe limit of 2 W/kg, averaged over 10g of tissue, specified by the International Commission of Non Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The SAR is reduced by 83.82 % as compare to the conventional antenna (8.16 W/kg>2W/kg). The efficiency of the EBG based antenna is improved from 52 to 74 %, relative to the conventional counterpart. The proposed antenna can be used in wearable electronics and smart clothing.

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Embroidered wearable antennas using conductive threads with different stitch spacings

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities

Embroidery and Related Manufacturing Techniques for Wearable Antennas: Challenges and Opportunities

Practical Investigation of Different Possible Textile Unit Cell for a C-Band Portable Textile Reflectarray Using Conductive Thread

Design and SAR Analysis of Wearable Antenna on Various Parts of Human Body, Using Conventional and Artificial Ground Planes

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