Surgery is the therapy of choice for patients with local renal cancer, but the results are unsatisfactory if the disease is locally advanced or systemic disease is present. As for the stage-related prognosis, patients with local disease (T1-2 NO M0) show good prognosis, with a 5-year survival of 90-100% after nephrectomy. In these patients the indication for adjuvant treatment is limited; it is almost impossible to document the statistically significant efficacy for adjuvant treatment, even when this therapy results in a long-term complete remission rate of more than 50% of the patients with metastatic disease. If such a drug were available, survival would be improved by 5%, but more than 1200 patients would have to be included in this protocol to reveal any significance. Patients with locally advanced disease (T3-4) or with nodal or distant metastases (N1-3, M1) have a worse prognosis, even if the tumor can be completely removed surgically; the 5-year survival rates are 60%, 25% and 5%, respectively. For these patients it is reasonable to start prospective statistical studies concerning adjuvant treatment after surgery. The aims of the investigations should be survival, local or systemic progression of the disease, and quality of life. However, the number of prospective trials is still limited and the results are disappointing: hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy in metastatic renal cancer have reached response rates above 30%; a complete response has been seen in less than 10% of all cases and only for a short period of time. Therefore, we do not recommend any kind of adjuvant treatment after radical nephrectomy. Even adjuvant surgery (complete lymph-node dissection) cannot be recommended as a routine procedure, until the benefit for the patients has been proven by prospective trials.Adjuvant therapy is an additional treatment applied after complete removal of all detectable tumor by induction