Elucidation of filler-to-filler and filler-to-rubber interactions in silica-reinforced natural rubber by TEM Network Visualization

Sarkawi, Siti Salina; Dierkes, Wilma K.; Noordermeer, Jacobus W.M.

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.015

Cited by 119 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The presence of the epoxide group or TESPT significantly increasing the rubber–filler interactions. During curing or after mixing, a compound reformation of agglomerates tookplace . The polarity compatibility between rubber–silica prevented agglomerates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring a highly dispersible silica–elastomer composite for tire applications

Manoharan

Naskar

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, we provide an extensive analyses of various properties that are required for tire tread based on developed highly dispersible (HD) silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber composites. Silica in an HD form has become a staple filler in tire tread applications because of its inherent advantages. In this study, epoxidized natural rubber with 25 mol % epoxide (ENR 25) and natural rubber were mixed with two different types of HD silica for superior reinforcement. A standard tire tread formulation was used as the base compound. The magic triangle properties were conspicuously influenced by the viscoelastic characteristics of the vulcanizates. The introduction of polar rubber (ENR 25) into the HD silica greatly improved rheological, physicomechanical, bound rubber content, and dynamic mechanical properties, and this led to a better, fuel-efficient tire. We successfully achieved this, even in the absence of a silane coupling agent. ENR 25 played an imperative role in showing an extraordinary rubber-filler interactions and was primarily responsible for these observations. In this study, we explored the HD silica dispersion with transmission electron microscopy observations. Morphological studies revealed well-dispersed HD silica with the formation of a rubber-filler network.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring a highly dispersible silica–elastomer composite for tire applications

Manoharan

Naskar

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…All the values were averages of three measurements. The hardness of the specimen was determined by using a Shore A durometer hardness tester as per ASTM D 2240 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nano‐ZnO can be applied as a highly efficient cure activator for ENR rubber during sulfur crosslinking. Various studies have been reported to investigate the size of aggregates and agglomerates that build impacts on the physico‐mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of elastomer composite and tentatively correlated with silica structure . Only a few studies have been reported to determine the particle networks and cluster formation in silica reinforced elastomers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐demand tuned hazard free elastomeric composites: A green approach

2017

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Rising ecological concerns and depletion of the potentially harmful environmental impacts caused by rubber products, are of prime importance in the industry. Therefore, implementation of sustainable greener materials is required to minimize the detrimental influences. In this research, we investigated the beneficial influence of naturally derived bio-resin toward the effects of association with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in highly dispersible silica (HDS) reinforced Natural rubber (NR)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)-based composites. This novel green composite offers impressive properties which were analyzed based on bound rubber content, transmission electron microscopy, physico-mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and cure characteristics. Nanoindentation studies demonstrated the enhanced hysteresis phenomenon of the green composites. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) characterization has been studied by using a Beaucage model and results corroborates that the insertion of bio-resin exhibits ameliorated state of silica dispersion in the green composites. Overall, the study with the bio-resin has provided the impetus in employing it as an alternative to the expensive synthetic route of silane coupling agent and toxic process oil.

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“…The storage modulus of HNBR vulcanizates increases with the addition of reinforcing filler. The contribution of the fillers to the modulus of rubber can be divided into strain-dependent and strainindependent parts [12]. Filler-filler interaction contributes to the strain-dependence of the modulus.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%