“…In operations management literature, product upgradability is often advocated as a design strategy that can guarantee the functionality and durability of the product owned by the consumer (Baines et al, 2007, [A]). Upgrades help alleviate the environmental harm that results from rapid product replacement by prolonging the lifespan of a product, but they also satisfy changing consumer preferences and needs and create value for consumers (Lobasenko and Llerena, 2017, [H]; Michaud et al, 2017, [D, G]). The competitive advantage of upgradable products relies on manufacturers’ commitments in terms of price and design (Krishnan and Ramachandran, 2011, [G]).…”